BUILDING IN HARMONY WITH EARTH: How Green Buildings Consider the Ground on Site

When considering green buildings, many of us are inclined toward cutting-edge features like solar panels and smart HVAC systems. Yet, one of the most critical aspects of sustainable architecture is the relationship between our structures and the Earth itself. From the nourishing soil beneath our feet to the carefully chosen materials we utilize and the waste we produce, every element of sustainable construction aims to significantly reduce our ecological footprint. This article delves into how eco-conscious building practices not only prioritize this vital connection with our planet but also strive for excellence by adhering to esteemed certifications like LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method). By meeting such high environmental standards, we can create buildings that are not only efficient but also harmonious with the Earth.

OBJECTIVE

This is the last of the five crucial environmental aspects I have yet to address. We began with fire, where I discussed solar panel systems; then moved on to water, guided you with rainwater harvesting systems; followed by space, where I highlighted the benefits of natural lighting; and air, focusing on enhancing indoor environmental quality(IEQ). In this article, we turn our attention to Earth, which is generally as vital as the others. However, in my own personal opinion, I would give more credit to this one since this is where we get most of the building materials that actually provide strength to our structures. Moreover, here is where we actually anchor our structure that protects lives during times of disaster. So I guess, one of my favorite bands, "Earth, Wind, and Fire," knows about this as well (just kidding aside).

This article aims to inspire awareness and foster advocacy among all stakeholders involved in creating truly sustainable projects, including architects, construction professionals, clients, and students. Together, we can make a significant impact on the planet where we build our green buildings and strive towards a sustainable future.

HOW GREEN BUILDINGS CAREFULLY TREAT THE EARTH AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT:

1. Site: Choosing Land Responsibly

The environmental impact of a building begins with its location. Embracing sustainable development means choosing sites that have already been disturbed or developed, such as brownfields or abandoned urban lots, instead of encroaching upon untouched land and thriving ecosystems. Additionally, selecting a location that is seamlessly connected to public transportation, pedestrian pathways, and essential services not only enhances accessibility but also significantly reduces our reliance on cars, fostering a more sustainable and vibrant community.

Green Certification Tie-in: LEED awards points for building on previously developed land, near existing infrastructure, and for minimizing site disturbance.

Example: The Bullitt Center in Seattle is built on an urban infill site, designed for net-zero energy and optimized for sunlight and transit access.

2. Soil: Protecting the Foundation of Life

Soil is an invaluable resource that often goes unappreciated in the construction industry. It not only stores carbon but also nurtures vibrant plant life and filters our precious water supply. Embracing green building practices, we can safeguard this essential element by preventing erosion, avoiding soil compaction, and protecting topsoil during excavation. Effective techniques such as installing sediment control fencing, covering exposed areas, and employing phased construction planning can truly make a difference, allowing us to honor and preserve the richness of our soil for future generations.

Green Certification Tie-in: LEED encourages erosion and sedimentation control through its Sustainable Sites category.

Example: The Center for Sustainable Landscapes in Pittsburgh used protective geotextiles and staged grading to minimize disruption to the site's original soil profile.

The Center for Sustainable Landscapes in Pittsburgh

3. Vegetation: Preserving and Restoring Green Cover

Vegetation is not merely a decorative touch; it is an essential environmental treasure. Sustainable building projects prioritize the preservation of mature trees and embrace native plants that thrive with minimal water and upkeep. Elements like green roofs and living walls serve not only to insulate buildings but also to capture rainwater and enrich our ecosystems. Together, they create vibrant spaces that foster biodiversity and connect us to the natural world.

Green Certification Tie-in: LEED awards credits for protecting or restoring habitats and maximizing open space.

Case Study: Bosco Verticale in Milan integrates more than 900 trees and 20,000 plants into its vertical façade, reducing smog and supporting urban biodiversity.

Bosco Verticale in Milan 

4. Materials: Sourcing from the Earth Responsibly

Sustainable buildings embody a commitment to thoughtful material choices, embracing options that are locally sourced, recyclable, or rapidly renewable. Envision materials like elegant bamboo, FSC-certified wood, resilient recycled steel, and natural straw bales, all of which contribute to a greener future. By prioritizing materials with low embodied energy, we not only enhance the beauty of our spaces but also significantly reduce carbon emissions throughout the building's lifecycle, paving the way for a more sustainable world.

Grange Porcher, a former weaving mill,
Le Curetet, Nivolas-Vermelle, Isère. Rammed earth wall.

Rammed Earth:

Rammed earth is a time-tested, sustainable material made by compacting layers of damp earth into a solid wall. It offers natural insulation, durability, and a unique aesthetic. Because it often uses soil from the site, it greatly reduces transportation-related emissions. Rammed earth also supports passive solar design by regulating interior temperatures due to its high thermal mass.

Green Certification Tie-in: LEED credits materials that are regional, recycled, and low-emitting.

Example: Grange Porcher (See photo above), a former weaving mill, Le Curetet, Nivolas-Vermelle, Isère used rammed earth wall.

5. Construction Waste: Reducing What Goes to Landfills

Construction activities generate a staggering amount of waste, contributing up to 30% of all landfill content. However, green building initiatives champion the cause of sustainability by prioritizing waste reduction through innovative recycling methods, the reuse of materials, and the incorporation of prefabricated components. By thoughtfully planning for waste management from the outset of a project, we can significantly lower costs while safeguarding our environment for future generations. Embracing this approach not only enhances the appeal of our projects but also reflects a profound commitment to responsible construction practices.

Green Certification Tie-in: LEED’s Materials and Resources category rewards construction waste management plans and high diversion rates.

Example: The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission building diverted more than 80% of its construction waste from landfills by implementing rigorous recycling practices.

The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission building

The building features an innovative wing structure, which contains several wind turbines to generate 8-10% of the electricity needed by the building. The wind analysis for this was conducted by Case Van Dam and Bruce White of the College of Engineering at UC Davis.

Source: Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/)

6. Operational Waste: Managing Waste During Occupancy

The environmental impact of a building continues to resonate long after construction is complete. Green buildings are thoughtfully designed with innovative systems that effectively separate recyclables, compostables, and landfill waste, fostering a culture of sustainability. Many of these remarkable structures proudly display educational signage, guiding occupants toward adopting eco-friendly habits. Furthermore, some projects harness the power of smart technology to monitor waste generation in real time, offering valuable insights for continuous improvement. By embedding these practices, we can create spaces that not only benefit the environment but also inspire a collective commitment to a greener future.

Green Certification Tie-in: LEED encourages design strategies and infrastructure for effective waste management throughout the life of the building.

Case Study: Dockside Green in Victoria, Canada, features an integrated waste management plan, including composting, recycling, and greywater treatment systems, keeping its environmental impact to a minimum even during full occupancy.

Biomass energy generator of Dockside Green.

Solar panels, wind turbines, condo sewage plant of Dockside Green.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Building sustainably transcends energy efficiency and carbon offsets; it embodies respect for our planet. As responsible architects, builders, stakeholders, and all concerned, we must give our full respect to the land we build on, the materials we use, and the waste we generate. By integrating Earth-centered principles into site selection, soil preservation, vegetation management, and material choices, we can design buildings that contribute positively to the environment. Renowned global green certifications like LEED, BREEAM, and WELL provide actionable frameworks to guide us in this pursuit. As we forge ahead in constructing our future, let us remain mindful of the ground we occupy—this commitment is vital for achieving a truly sustainable world.

Ar. JOEY CASTANEDA

Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

Photo attributions:

Center for Sustainable Landscapes in Pittsburgh <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Center_for_Sustainable_Landscapes,_Phipps_Conservatory,_2015-10-10,_02.jpg">Cbaile19</a>, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

Bosco Verticale in Milan - Chris Barbalis cbarbalis, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bosco_verticale,_Milan,_Italy_(Unsplash).jpg">Chris Barbalis cbarbalis</a>, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

San Francisco Public Utilities Commission building

UC Davis College of Engineering, CC BY 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Biomass energy generator of Dockside Green

John Newcomb, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Solar panels, wind turbines, condo sewage plant of Dockside Green

John Newcomb, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

ENHANCING INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN GREEN BUILDINGS

BedZED eco-village, London

In the pursuit of sustainability, green buildings prioritize not only environmental efficiency but also the health and well-being of their occupants. A critical component of this approach is Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) — a measure of how indoor environments impact comfort, health, and productivity. From fresh air ventilation to acoustic control, improving IEQ is essential for modern buildings aiming to be truly sustainable. This article explores six core elements of IEQ and how they contribute to healthier, greener spaces.

OBJECTIVE

This topic encompasses various tangible environmental aspects: earth, air, water, fire, and space. In my earlier discussions, I explored the solar power system, representing "fire" in terms of energy; the rainwater harvesting system, a key component of "water"; and most recently, natural lighting, which corresponds to "space." Now, let's focus on Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), a crucial element linked to "air."

My goal is to deliver insights from my studies and work experiences in a straightforward and engaging way, making them accessible to everyone. I understand that many professionals struggle to persuade their clients to embrace sustainability in their projects. In my previous blog, "CLIENT-CENTERED SUSTAINABILITY: TailoringSolutions to Meet Client Expectations in Sustainable Architecture," I shared practical strategies for overcoming these challenges. By considering these suggestions, including the environmental aspect I will discuss in this article, we can work together to promote awareness and advocate for a more sustainable future.

GREEN BUILDING DESIGN STRATEGIES (ENHANCING THE SIX CORE ELEMENTS OF "IEQ"):

1. Healthy Environment

A green building starts with the commitment to a healthy indoor environment. This means designing spaces that reduce occupant exposure to toxins, support mental well-being, and encourage overall wellness.

Strategies include:

• Maximizing natural daylight and views to the outdoors

• Maintaining comfortable temperature and humidity levels

• Using biophilic design elements, like indoor plants and natural textures

Example: The Bullitt Center in Seattle is often cited as one of the greenest commercial buildings in the world. It uses non-toxic materials, prioritizes natural lighting, and offers a visually pleasing environment that reduces stress and enhances well-being.

Bullitt Center, Seattle

2. Fresh Air Ventilation

Good indoor air quality starts with adequate ventilation. Ventilation is vital for removing stale air and introducing fresh air, thus diluting indoor pollutants and enhancing comfort. Green buildings use mechanical and natural systems to bring in fresh air and remove stale indoor air. Here are key strategies:

• Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRVs) to retain energy while bringing in fresh air

• Demand-controlled ventilation based on occupancy and CO₂ levels, and to optimize airflow while conserving energy.

• Use of operable windows in passive designs

Case Study: The Edge in Amsterdam uses a sophisticated smart ventilation system that monitors occupancy and air quality, adjusting ventilation accordingly. This ensures constant fresh air flow and energy efficiency, contributing to high occupant satisfaction.

The Edge, Amsterdam

3. Exhaust Systems

These systems expel pollutants and humidity directly outdoors, maintaining better air quality indoors. Proper exhaust ventilation is essential for eliminating localized sources of pollutants, especially in:

• Kitchens

• Bathrooms

• Laundry areas

• Utility rooms

Green buildings ensure:

• Exhaust fans vent directly to the outdoors

• Systems are zoned to prevent air transfer between spaces

• Use of energy-efficient fans and ducts

Example: In LEED-certified residential buildings, such as those in the BedZED eco-village in London (Please see the cover photo), separate exhaust systems are designed for different zones of the home, reducing cross-contamination and maintaining a hygienic indoor environment.

4. Low VOC Materials and Compounds

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) found in paints, adhesives, flooring, and furnishings can off-gas harmful chemicals for months after application. Excessive exposure to VOCs can lead to health issues like:

• Headaches

• Respiratory irritation

• Long-term chronic effects

Green buildings opt for low or zero-VOC materials to improve indoor air quality and reduce occupant health risks. To avoid this, green buildings use:

• Low- or zero-VOC paints, sealants, and finishes

• Certified GreenGuard or GREENGUARD Gold furniture and products

• Non-toxic insulation and adhesives

Case Study: The Center for Sustainable Landscapes at Phipps Conservatory in Pittsburgh used low-VOC paints, adhesives, and sealants throughout construction, contributing to its WELL Building Standard certification for promoting occupant health.

Phipps Conservatory in Pittsburgh

5. Dust-Free Interiors

Reducing dust buildup is key to minimizing allergens and particulate matter that compromise air quality. Dust can carry allergens, bacteria, and pollutants. To minimize dust accumulation, green building designs emphasize:

• Smooth, easy-to-clean surfaces

• Integrated entryway mats and grilles to trap dirt

• Central vacuum systems or HEPA-filter vacuums

• High-efficiency air filters (MERV 13 or above)

Example: In schools built to CHPS (Collaborative for High Performance Schools) standards, special attention is given to materials that resist dust accumulation, along with filtered ventilation systems to promote healthier learning environments. 

Portable air cleaners or purifiers are also widely used in homes and offices. If you are interested, you might want to check out this model.

6. Acoustic Control

Sound plays a major role in occupant comfort and productivity. Noise pollution negatively affects productivity, concentration, and mental health. Green buildings aim for a quiet, acoustically comfortable indoor environment by:

• Using acoustic ceiling tiles and baffles

• Installing sound-insulated walls and floors

• Incorporating sound-absorbing materials in the interior finishing and furnishings, such as carpeting and upholstered furniture

• Applies spatial planning to manage noise levels and minimize sound pollution. Strategic layout to separate quiet and noisy areas

Case Study: The Bloomberg European Headquarters in London incorporates acoustic baffles, soundproofing materials, and intelligent layout design to control reverberation and ambient noise, contributing to its BREEAM “Outstanding” rating.

Bloomberg European Headquarters, London

FINAL THOUGHTS

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) stands at the forefront of sustainable building design, significantly influencing both our physical well-being and cognitive abilities. By emphasizing clean air, non-toxic materials, effective sound control, and overall comfort, green buildings not only contribute to environmental preservation but also enrich the human experience. As the demand for healthier living and working environments continues to rise, prioritizing IEQ will drive groundbreaking advancements in sustainable architecture, making our spaces not just livable but truly thriving.

Ar. JOEY CASTANEDA

Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

Photo Attributions:

BedZED eco-village, London

By Tom Chance, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0" title="Creative Commons Attribution 2.0">CC BY 2.0</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11884918">Link</a>

Phipps Conservatory in Pittsburgh 

<ahref="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens_132.jpg">Daderot</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Bloomberg European Headquarters in London

 <ahref="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bloomberg_European_Headquarters,_London.jpg">DAVID HOLT</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">CC BY 2.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons

The Edge, Amsterdam (MrAronymous, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons)

Bullitt Center, Seattle (Joe Mabel, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons)

HARNESSING THE SUN: THE ROLE OF NATURAL LIGHTING IN SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN

Natural Lighting

In the dynamic realm of sustainable architecture, while innovative technologies like solar panels and rainwater harvesting systems take center stage, we must not overlook the power of natural lighting. This design strategy is not just a means to brighten interiors; it is a crucial element that significantly reduces energy consumption, boosts occupant well-being, and minimizes carbon footprints. Embracing daylighting is a smart, passive solution that not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of a space but also aligns perfectly with the overarching goals of green building. Investing in natural lighting can lead to a healthier, more sustainable environment for all.

OBJECTIVE

Building on my previous discussions about solar panels and rainwater harvesting systems, I want to highlight another crucial architectural element: natural lighting. This aspect is one of the key reasons I chose to pursue a career in architecture, inspired by the profound works of celebrated architects like Tadao Ando, Mies Van Der Rohe, and Le Corbusier. Each of them brilliantly incorporated natural lighting into their designs, demonstrating its transformative power. As someone who is very visual, I believe the essence of a space is most effectively conveyed through an architect's approach to natural light, rather than through artificial lighting created by advanced technologies. We need to embrace the beauty and warmth that natural light brings to our environments. Although I derived most information from my studies and work experiences, I am sharing these thoughts in a very light and accessible language to engage both practitioners, students, and those without a technical background, encouraging a broader appreciation for this fundamental architectural principle.

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF NATURAL LIGHTING IN ARCHITECTURE

Natural lighting, also known as daylighting, is the practice of using sunlight to brighten a building’s interior. Unlike artificial lighting, which relies on electricity and produces heat, natural lighting is free, plentiful, and environmentally friendly. Effective building design incorporates daylighting by carefully considering the orientation, window placement, and architectural form of the structure. This approach allows us to take advantage of the sun's natural light instead of working against it.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Reduced Energy Consumption

Buildings that harness daylight efficiently require less artificial lighting during daytime hours. This not only cuts down on electricity use but also reduces the heat generated by artificial light sources, decreasing the need for cooling and thus lowering HVAC energy loads.

Lower Carbon Emissions

Using natural light means using less power from fossil-fuel-based sources. When paired with solar photovoltaic systems, buildings can significantly reduce their carbon footprint while increasing their self-sufficiency.

HUMAN AND HEALTH BENEFITS

Improved Occupant Well-being

Numerous studies link access to natural light with increased productivity, mood, and comfort. Natural light supports the body’s circadian rhythms, contributing to better sleep quality and overall health.

Visual Comfort

Well-designed daylighting avoids harsh shadows, glare, and artificial flicker. The result is a visually pleasing environment that enhances how we experience space, vital in homes, workplaces, and schools.

DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MAXIMIZING NATURAL LIGHTING

To optimize natural lighting, architects use a mix of design strategies, including:

• Building Orientation: Aligning buildings along an east-west axis to maximize southern exposure (in the northern hemisphere).

Building Orientation

• Window Placement and Glazing: Thoughtful use of high-performance windows that admit light while controlling heat gain and glare.

Window Placement and Glazing

• Light Shelves and Reflectors: Elements that bounce light deeper into interiors, reducing reliance on electric lighting.

• Skylights and Clerestory Windows: Allowing light from above into central areas, particularly effective in larger or single-story buildings.

Skylights and Clerestory Windows

• Reflective Interior Finishes: Light-colored walls, ceilings, and floors can amplify daylight by reflecting it further into rooms.

INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS

Daylighting works hand-in-hand with other green building features:

1.     Solar Panels: Buildings can be designed to optimize sunlight for both illumination and energy generation.

2.     Smart Lighting Systems: Automated controls adjust artificial lighting based on natural light levels, maintaining comfort while saving energy.

Smart Homes

3.    Rainwater Harvesting: Roof designs can serve dual functions—collecting rainwater and channeling light through skylights or solar tubes.

CASE STUDIES/EXAMPLES

Some of the world’s most celebrated green buildings—like the Bullitt Center in Seattle or the Edge in Amsterdam—prioritize natural lighting. These buildings report not only reduced energy bills but also increased occupant satisfaction, setting the bar for daylight-centric design.

Bullitt Center, Seattle

The Edge, Amsterdam

CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS

While beneficial, natural lighting requires thoughtful planning to avoid issues like:

• Heat Gain and Glare: Too much sunlight can lead to discomfort. Shading devices like louvers, blinds, and brise-soleils are essential.

• Initial Costs: High-performance windows and daylighting control systems can be expensive, but the long-term savings and occupant benefits often outweigh the upfront investment.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Natural lighting is not merely a design preference; it is essential for sustainable architecture. By minimizing energy consumption, promoting better health, and harmonizing with solar and water systems, daylighting presents a compelling and passive strategy for building greener structures. Whether you are embarking on a new design or upgrading an existing space, thoughtfully considering how the sun illuminates your area can lead to remarkable advantages for both the environment and the well-being of its occupants.

Ar. JOEY CASTANEDA

Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

Photo Attribution:

All photos courtesy of Pixabay.com: https://pixabay.com/

SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS RELATING TO GREEN BUILDING DESIGN

 

Hybrid solar/wind system, 2400W windturbines, 4000W solar modules, island Zirje, Croatia 
(See Photo attributions below)

In my architectural practice, I have consistently tackled critical environmental challenges, such as reducing carbon emissions from boiler chimneys, optimizing tallow fat collection in sewage systems, and ensuring effective monitoring and testing of wastewater treatment outputs. However, I found myself working without a comprehensive understanding of essential terms like carbon footprints, eco-friendliness, and sustainability. My knowledge was limited to concepts like clean smoke, pollution-free practices, and recycling. This realization inspired me to create a blog that serves as an informative resource for anyone keen on delving into the vital subject of sustainability, particularly in the realm of sustainable architecture.

OBJECTIVE

This blog serves as a vital resource on the topic of sustainability. Drawing primarily from the study materials I explored in a Sustainable Architecture course I completed through Alison, which also included insights from Swayan, an esteemed educational agency. I want to acknowledge these organizations for their invaluable contributions to my work and writings, and to this blog in particular. To enhance authenticity, my personal insights are added where I share some of my professional experiences, examples, and relevance that serve as commentaries on the study material excerpts.

I invite professionals, students, and ordinary individuals alike to join me on this journey of discovery. If you are passionate about learning more about sustainability and making a positive impact, this article is for you. Let's collaborate and grow together in our shared commitment to a sustainable future!

GREEN BUILDING SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS

1. CARBON FOOTPRINT

Referenced definition:

• A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total emissions caused by an individual event, organization, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent.

• A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) emissions of a defined population, system or activity, considering all relevant sources, sinks and storage within the spatial and temporal boundary of the population, system or activity of interest. Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent using the relevant 100-year global warming potential (GWP 100).

Personal insight: As this is the definition I derived from the course I attended, I would rather add “buildings” or “green buildings” in the list in my quest to connect architecture into the concept in general.

This definition refers to a larger scale of Sustainable Built Environment as I have discussed in my previous article linked as follows:

THE SCALES OF SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

In relation to green building, this concept enables the measurement of the greenhouse gas emissions from building materials, construction, and operations. One good example of applying this concept in green building is the use of low-carbon materials like bamboo or reclaimed wood that reduces the carbon footprint of a green building. Please check out one of my older blogs that talks about reclaimed woods:

SUSTAINABILITY BEGINS IN THE KITCHEN, WOULD YOU BELIEVE?

Bamboo House designed by Kengo Kuma at Commune by the Great Wall (See attributions below

2. ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT

Referenced definition:

This refers to the environmental impact determined by the amount of depletable raw materials and non-renewable resources consumed to make products (including structures), and the quantity of wastes and emissions generated in the process.

Personal Insight: As this definition specifically mentions about “structures,” it is well understood that the term “environmental footprint” is connected to sustainable architecture and green building as a subject matter. This concept enables the assessment of the total environmental impact (land use, resource depletion, pollution) of a building.

3. THE 3R’S OF SUSTAINABILITY

• Reduce

• Reuse

• Recycle

NOTE: A very comprehensive definition of the aforementioned concepts of sustainability are provided in my previous blog article:

THE 3r'S OF SUSTAINABILITY AND ITS IMPACT IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

4. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Referenced definition:

• A circular economy is an economic system aimed at minimizing waste and making the most of resources. In a circular system resource input and waste, emission, and energyleakage are minimized by slowing, closing and narrowing energy and material loops; this can be achieved through long lasting design, maintenance, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, refurbishing and recycling.

• This regenerative approach is in contrast to the traditional linear economy, which has a take, make, dispose model of production.

Personal insights: This is quite similar to the 3Rs of Sustainability, although this one has more process in between. In relation to the green building concept, it promotes materials and resources staying in use longer. For example, designing modular buildings where parts can be dismantled and reused in new structures.

5. RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Referenced definitions:

From course material: Renewable resources are resources that have the capability to be naturally and organically replaced in a set time period.

Per Wikipedia: Definitions of renewable resources may also include agricultural production, as in agricultural products and to an extent water resources. In 1962, Paul Alfred Weiss defined renewable resources as: "The total range of living organisms providing man with life, fibres, etc...". Another type of renewable resources is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorized as renewable resources. Fresh water is an example of a renewable resource.

Personal insight: With green buildings, this concept emphasizes using resources that naturally replenish. For example, utilizing sustainably harvested timber or solar energy systems in design.

6. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

Photo attribution below

Referenced definition:

Life cycle assessment is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a products life from a raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling.

Per Wikipedia: Life cycle assessment (LCA), also known as life cycle analysis, is a methodology for assessing the impacts associated with all the stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. For instance, in the case of a manufactured product, environmental impacts are assessed from raw material extraction and processing (cradle), through the product's manufacture, distribution and use, to the recycling or final disposal of the materials composing it (grave).

Personal insights: In relation to green building concept, it analyzes the environmental impacts of a building from material extraction to disposal. For example, choosing insulation with low life cycle emissions after conducting an LCA.

7. CRADLE TO GRAVE

Referenced definition:

Cradle to grave is the full life cycle assessment from resource extraction (cradle) to use phase and disposal phase (grave). For example, trees produce paper, which can be recycled into low-energy production cellulosed (fiberized paper) insulation, then used as energy-saving device in the ceiling of a home for 40 years, saving 2,000 times the fossil fuel energy used in its production. After 40 years, the cellulose fibers are replaced and the old fibers are disposed of, possibly incinerated. All inputs and outputs are considered for all the phases of the life cycle.

Personal insights: During my past work experiences, I frequently came across the term “cradle to grave” in engineering job descriptions. This phrase encapsulates a comprehensive work approach, where professionals are tasked with managing projects from the initial planning stages right through to completion. Not only did this clarify the expectations, but it also deepened my understanding of the term’s relevance in sustainability, highlighting the importance of a product’s life cycle in the process.

Concerning green building, it considers the full lifespan of building materials—from creation to disposal. Concrete is often assessed this way, from quarrying to demolition waste, for example.

8. CRADLE TO GATE

Referenced definition:

Cradle to gate is an assessment of a partial product life cycle from resource extraction (cradle) to the factory gate (i.e., before it is transported to the consumer). The use phase and disposal phase of the product are omitted in this case. Cradle to gate assessments are sometimes the basis for environmental product declarations (EPD) termed business-to-business EPDs.

Personal insight: Per green building concept, environmental impact is being evaluated from material creation up to its delivery. Another example is assessing the CO₂ emissions from manufacturing and transporting steel beams.

9. SERVICE LIFE PLANNING

Referenced definition:

• ISO 15686 is the in development ISO standard dealing with service life planning. It is a decision process which addresses the development of the service life of a building component, building or other constructed work like a bridge or tunnel. Its approach is to ensure a proposed design life has a structured response in establishing its service life normally from a reference or estimated service life framework.

• Then in turn secure a life-cycle cost profile (or Whole-life cost when called for) whilst addressing environmental factors like life cycle assessment and service life care and end of life considerations including obsolescence and embodied energy recovery.

• Service life planning is increasingly being linked with sustainable development and whole life value.

Personal insight: In relation to green building concept, this refers to the design of buildings or complex projects to last longer with minimal repairs. For example, specifying durable roofing materials that withstand decades of wear.

10. DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

Referenced definition:

Design for the Environment (DfE) is a design approach to reduce the overall human health and environmental impact of a product, process or service, where impacts are considered across its life cycle.

Personal insights: In green buildings, this concept integrates environmental concerns at every design phase. For example, orienting windows for natural daylight to reduce artificial lighting needs.

11. EMBODIED ENERGY

Referenced definition:

Embodied energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services, considered as if that energy was incorporated or embodied in the product itself.

Personal Insights: In green building, this concept refers to all energy used to produce building materials. One good example is the choice of rammed earth walls, which have lower embodied energy than concrete.

Grange Porcher, former weaving mill, Le Curetet, Nivolas-Vermelle, Isère. Rammed earth wall.
(See photo attributions below)

12. ECODESIGN

Referenced definition:

Ecodesign is an approach to designing products with special consideration for the environmental impacts of the product during its whole life cycle. In a life cycle assessment, the life cycle of a product is usually divided into procurement, manufacture, use and disposal.

Personal insight: This refers to the design of green buildings with minimal ecological impact, such as those with green roofs that improve insulation and support local biodiversity.

13. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT ANALYSIS

Referenced definitions:

• One instrument to identify the factors that are important for the reduction of the environmental impact during all life cycle stages is the environmental effect analysis (EEA).

• For an EEA the following are taken into account:

  - Customer’s wishes

  - Legal requirements, market requirements (competitors)

  - Data concerning the product and the manufacturing process.

Personal insights: With the green building concept, this refers to the evaluation of how building choices affect air, water, soil, and ecosystems. For example, conducting

environmental impact assessments before constructing near wetlands to avoid ecological disruption.

14. WATER FOOTPRINT

Referenced definitions:

• The water footprint shows the extent of water use in relation to consumption by people.

• The water footprint of the individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of the fresh water used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in the water volume consumed (evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of time.

• A water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of consumers (e.g., an individual, family, village, city, province, state or nation) or producers (e,g,. a public organization private enterprise or economic sector), for a single process (such as growing rice) or for any product or service.

Personal insights: In the green building concept, this involves the measurement of water usage in construction and operation. For example, the installation of low-flowfixtures and greywater systems to reduce water consumption.

15. CARBON OFFSET

Referenced definition:

A unit of carbon dioxide equivalent that is reduced , avoided, or sequestered to compensate for emissions occurring elsewhere (World Resources Institute).

Personal insight: In relation to green building, it compensates for unavoidable emissions during construction or operation. For example, purchasing renewable energy credits to offset emissions from HVAC systems.

16. OZONE DEPLETION

Referenced definition:

Destruction of the earth’s ozone layer by the photolyctic breakdown of chlorine and/or bromine containing compounds (chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs) which catalyctically decompose ozone molecules. Commonly used as refrigerants, CFCs have been found to damage the stratospheric ozone layer, creating holes and allowing harmful ultraviolet radiation to leakthrough.

Personal insight: In green buildings, this is related to the use of refrigerants and insulation materials. For example, avoiding ozone-depleting substances like certain HFCs in HVAC systems.

17. SICK BUILDING SYNDROME

Referenced definition:

A building whose occupants experience acute health and/or comfort affects that appear to be linked to time spent therein, but where no specific illness or cause can be identified. Complaints can be localized in a particular room or zone, or may be spread throughout the building and may abate on leaving the building.

Personal insight: In green buildings, sick building syndrome is caused by poor indoor air quality or off-gassing materials. One good solution is the use of non-toxic, low-VOC paints and ensuring proper ventilation.

18. CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFC)

Referenced definition:

Stable, artificially created chemical compounds containing carbon, chlorine, fluorine and sometimes, hydrogen. Chlorofluorocarbons, used primarily to facilitate cooling in refrigerators and air-conditioners, deplete the stratospheric ozone layer that protects the earth and its inhabitants from excessive ultraviolet radiation.

Personal insights: In green buildings, this refers to substances that used to be common in cooling systems. One solution is replacing old HVAC systems to eliminate CFCs and protect the ozone layer.

19. GREENFIELD AND BROWNFIELD

Referenced definition:

The Greenfield project means that a work which is not following a prior work. In infrastructure the projects on the unused lands where there is no need to remodel or demolish an existing structure are called Greenfield projects. The projects which are modified or upgraded are called Brownfield projects.

Personal insight: In green buildings, site selection impacts environmental sustainability. For example, redeveloping a brownfield site reduces urban sprawl and utilizes existing infrastructure.

20. ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDEX (EPI)

Referenced definition:

Energy Performance Index (EPI) is total energy consumed in a building over a year divided by total bult up area in kWh/sqm/year and is considered as a simplest and most relevant indicator for qualifying a building as energy efficient or not.

Personal insight: In green building concept, this refers to the measurement of the energy efficiency of a building. For example, a high EPI rating indicates better energy performance and lower operational emissions.

21. CIRCLES OF SUSTAINABILITY

Referenced definition:

Circles of Sustainability is a method for understanding and assessing sustainability, and for managing projects directed towards socially sustainable outcomes. It is intended to handle, seemingly intractable problem such as outlined insustainable development debates.

Personal insight: In green buildings, particularly in urban development, there are four dimensions considered in this concept: economic, ecological, political, and cultural. For example, designing community-oriented housing that is energy-efficient and culturally inclusive.

FINAL THOUGHTS

After learning about the various concepts involved in sustainability, I realized just how vast the subject is. I was finally able to identify where my work assignments fit within this framework. I recently became familiar with the term "Carbon Footprint," which relates to the boiler exhaust chimney project I completed. I know I could have done better in that project, but I believe it’s never too late to learn. Sharing my knowledge and experiences through my blogs about sustainability helps encourage others to engage in advocacy that holds significant value for future generations. It’s definitely worth it!

Ar. JOEY CASTANEDA

Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

Citations:

https://www.wikipedia.org/

https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/

https://alison.com/

Photo attributions:

Grange Porcher, former weaving mill, Le Curetet, Nivolas-Vermelle, Isère. Detail of the frame and wall rammed earth. (By Wikimedia Commons : Hélène Rival, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=78366129)

Cover Photo: Hybrid solar/wind system, 2400W windturbines, 4000W solar modules, island Zirje, Croatia (Nenad Kajić / Veneko.hr, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons)

Bamboo House designed by Kengo Kuma at Commune by the Great Wall (By AsAuSo - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93097579)

Lifecycle Assessment Framework: lecture material, SWAYAM: https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/