 |
Hybrid solar/wind system, 2400W windturbines, 4000W solar modules, island Zirje, Croatia
(See Photo attributions below) |
In
my architectural practice, I have consistently tackled critical
environmental challenges, such as reducing carbon emissions from
boiler chimneys, optimizing tallow fat collection in sewage systems,
and ensuring effective monitoring and testing of wastewater treatment
outputs. However, I found myself working without a comprehensive
understanding of essential terms
like carbon footprints, eco-friendliness, and sustainability. My
knowledge was limited to concepts like clean smoke, pollution-free
practices, and recycling. This realization inspired me to create a
blog that serves as an informative resource for anyone keen on
delving into the vital subject of sustainability, particularly in the
realm of sustainable architecture.
OBJECTIVE
This
blog serves as a vital resource on the topic of sustainability.
Drawing primarily from the study materials I explored in a
Sustainable Architecture course I completed through Alison, which also
included insights from Swayan, an esteemed educational agency. I want
to acknowledge these organizations for their invaluable contributions
to my work and writings, and to this blog in particular. To enhance authenticity, my personal insights are added where I share some of my professional experiences, examples, and relevance that serve as commentaries on the study material excerpts.
I
invite professionals, students, and ordinary individuals alike to
join me on this journey of discovery. If you are passionate about
learning more about sustainability and making a positive impact, this
article is for you. Let's collaborate and grow together in our shared
commitment to a sustainable future!
GREEN
BUILDING SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS
1.
CARBON FOOTPRINT
Referenced
definition:
A
carbon footprint is historically defined as the total emissions
caused by an individual event, organization, or product, expressed
as carbon dioxide equivalent.
A
measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and Methane
(CH4) emissions of a defined population, system or activity,
considering all relevant sources, sinks and storage within the
spatial and temporal boundary of the population, system or activity
of interest. Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent using the
relevant 100-year global warming potential (GWP 100).
Personal
insight:
As this is the definition I derived from the course I attended, I
would rather add “buildings” or “green buildings” in the
list in my
quest to connect
architecture
into the concept
in general.
This
definition refers to a larger scale of Sustainable Built Environment
as I have discussed in my previous article linked as follows:
THE
SCALES OF SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
In
relation
to green building, this
concept enables the measurement of
the greenhouse gas emissions from building materials, construction,
and operations. One
good example of applying this concept in green building is the use of
low-carbon materials like bamboo or reclaimed wood that
reduces
the carbon footprint of a green building. Please
check out one of my older blogs that talks about reclaimed woods:
SUSTAINABILITY
BEGINS IN THE KITCHEN, WOULD YOU BELIEVE?
 |
| Bamboo House designed by Kengo Kuma at Commune by the Great Wall (See attributions below |
2.
ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT
Referenced
definition:
This
refers to the environmental impact determined by the amount of
depletable raw materials and non-renewable resources consumed to make
products (including structures), and the quantity of wastes and
emissions generated in the process.
Personal
Insight:
As this definition specifically mentions about “structures,”
it is well understood that the term “environmental footprint” is
connected to sustainable architecture and green building as a subject
matter.
This
concept
enables
the assessment
of
the total environmental impact (land use, resource depletion,
pollution) of a building.
3.
THE 3R’S OF SUSTAINABILITY
NOTE:
A
very comprehensive definition of the aforementioned concepts
of sustainability
are provided in my previous blog article:
THE
3r'S OF SUSTAINABILITY AND ITS IMPACT IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
4.
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
Referenced
definition:
A
circular economy is an economic system aimed at minimizing waste and
making the most of resources. In a circular system resource input
and waste, emission, and energyleakage are minimized by slowing,
closing and narrowing energy and material loops; this can be
achieved through long lasting design, maintenance, repair, reuse,
remanufacturing, refurbishing and recycling.
This
regenerative approach is in contrast to the traditional linear
economy, which has a take, make, dispose model of production.
Personal insights:
This is quite similar to the 3Rs of Sustainability, although this one has more process in between. In relation to the green building concept, it promotes materials and resources staying in use longer. For example, designing modular buildings where parts can be dismantled and reused in new structures.
5.
RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
Referenced
definitions:
From
course
material:
Renewable
resources are resources that have the capability to be naturally and
organically replaced in a set time period.
Per
Wikipedia:
Definitions
of renewable resources may also include agricultural production, as
in agricultural
products and
to an extent water
resources. In
1962, Paul
Alfred Weiss defined
renewable resources as: "The total range of living organisms
providing man with life, fibres, etc...". Another
type of renewable resources is renewable
energy resources.
Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind
power, which are all categorized as renewable resources. Fresh water
is an example of a renewable resource.
Personal
insight: With green buildings, this concept emphasizes using resources
that naturally replenish. For example, utilizing sustainably
harvested timber or solar energy systems
in design.
6.
LIFE
CYCLE ASSESSMENT
 |
| Photo attribution below |
Referenced
definition:
Life
cycle
assessment is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated
with all the stages of a products life from a raw
material extraction through materials processing, manufacture,
distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling.
Per
Wikipedia: Life
cycle assessment (LCA),
also known as life cycle analysis, is a methodology for
assessing the impacts associated with all the stages of the life
cycle of a commercial product, process,
or service. For instance, in the case of a manufactured
product, environmental
impacts are
assessed from raw
material extraction
and processing (cradle), through the product's manufacture,
distribution and use, to the recycling or
final disposal of the materials composing it (grave).
Personal
insights:
In
relation to green building concept, it analyzes
the environmental impacts of a building from material extraction to
disposal. For
example, choosing
insulation with low life cycle emissions after conducting an LCA.
7.
CRADLE
TO GRAVE
Referenced
definition:
Cradle
to grave is the full life cycle assessment from resource extraction
(cradle) to use phase and disposal phase (grave). For example, trees
produce paper, which can be recycled into low-energy production
cellulosed (fiberized paper) insulation, then used as energy-saving
device in the ceiling of a home for 40 years, saving 2,000 times the
fossil fuel energy used in its production. After 40 years, the
cellulose fibers are replaced and the old fibers are disposed of,
possibly incinerated. All inputs and outputs are considered for
all the phases of the life cycle.
Personal
insights:
During
my past work experiences, I frequently came across the term “cradle
to grave” in engineering job descriptions. This phrase encapsulates
a comprehensive work approach, where professionals are tasked with
managing projects from the initial planning stages right through to
completion. Not only did this clarify the expectations, but it also
deepened my understanding of the term’s relevance in
sustainability, highlighting the
importance of a product’s life cycle in the process.
Concerning green building, it considers
the full lifespan of building materials—from creation to disposal.
Concrete is often assessed this way, from quarrying to demolition
waste, for
example.
8.
CRADLE
TO GATE
Referenced
definition:
Cradle
to gate is an assessment of a partial product life cycle from
resource extraction (cradle) to the factory gate (i.e., before it is
transported to the consumer). The use phase and disposal phase of the
product are omitted in this case. Cradle to gate assessments are
sometimes the basis for environmental product declarations (EPD)
termed business-to-business EPDs.
Personal
insight: Per
green building concept, environmental impact is being evaluated from
material creation up to its delivery. Another example is assessing
the CO₂ emissions from manufacturing and transporting steel beams.
9.
SERVICE
LIFE PLANNING
Referenced
definition:
ISO
15686 is
the in development ISO standard dealing with service
life planning.
It is a decision process which addresses the development of the
service life of a building component, building or other constructed
work like a bridge or tunnel. Its approach is to ensure a proposed
design
life has a structured response in establishing its service life
normally from a reference or estimated service life framework.
Then
in turn secure a life-cycle cost profile (or Whole-life cost when
called for) whilst addressing environmental factors like life
cycle assessment and
service
life care
and
end of life considerations including obsolescence and embodied
energy recovery.
Service
life planning
is increasingly being linked with sustainable development and whole
life value.
Personal
insight: In
relation to green building concept, this refers to the design of
buildings
or complex projects to last longer with minimal repairs. For example,
specifying durable roofing materials that withstand decades of wear.
10.
DESIGN
FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
Referenced
definition:
Design
for the Environment (DfE) is a design approach to reduce the overall
human health and environmental impact of a product, process or
service, where impacts are considered across its life cycle.
Personal
insights: In
green buildings, this concept integrates environmental concerns at
every design phase. For example, orienting windows for natural
daylight to reduce artificial lighting needs.
11.
EMBODIED
ENERGY
Referenced
definition:
Embodied
energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or
services, considered as if that energy was incorporated or embodied
in the product itself.
Personal
Insights:
In
green building, this concept refers
to all energy used to produce building materials. One
good example is the choice of
rammed
earth walls,
which have lower embodied energy than concrete.
 |
Grange Porcher, former weaving mill, Le Curetet, Nivolas-Vermelle, Isère. Rammed earth wall.
(See photo attributions below) |
12.
ECODESIGN
Referenced
definition:
Ecodesign
is an approach to designing products with special consideration for
the environmental impacts of the product during its whole life cycle.
In a life cycle assessment, the life cycle of a product is usually
divided into procurement, manufacture, use and disposal.
Personal
insight: This
refers to the design
of
green buildings
with minimal ecological impact, such
as those
with
green
roofs that improve insulation and support local biodiversity.
13.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT ANALYSIS
Referenced
definitions:
One
instrument to identify the factors that are important for the
reduction of the environmental impact during all life cycle stages
is the environmental
effect analysis (EEA).
For
an EEA the following are taken into account:
-
Customer’s wishes
-
Legal requirements, market requirements (competitors)
-
Data concerning the product and the manufacturing process.
Personal
insights: With the green building concept, this refers to the
evaluation of how building choices affect air, water, soil, and ecosystems. For
example, conducting
environmental
impact assessments before constructing near wetlands to avoid
ecological disruption.
14.
WATER FOOTPRINT
Referenced
definitions:
The
water footprint shows the extent of water use in relation to
consumption by people.
The
water footprint of the individual, community or business is defined
as the total volume of the fresh water used to produce the goods and
services consumed by the individual or or community or produced by
the business. Water use is measured in the water volume consumed
(evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of time.
A
water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of
consumers (e.g., an individual, family, village, city, province,
state or nation) or producers (e,g,. a public organization private
enterprise or economic sector), for a single process (such as
growing rice) or for any product or service.
Personal
insights: In the green building concept, this involves the measurement of water usage
in construction and operation. For example, the installation of
low-flowfixtures
and greywater systems to reduce water consumption.
15.
CARBON OFFSET
Referenced
definition:
A
unit of carbon dioxide equivalent that is reduced , avoided, or
sequestered to compensate for emissions occurring elsewhere (World
Resources Institute).
Personal
insight: In
relation to green building, it compensates for unavoidable emissions
during construction or operation. For example, purchasing renewable
energy credits to offset emissions from HVAC systems.
16.
OZONE DEPLETION
Referenced
definition:
Destruction
of the earth’s ozone layer by the photolyctic breakdown of chlorine
and/or bromine containing compounds (chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs)
which catalyctically decompose ozone molecules. Commonly used as
refrigerants, CFCs have been found to damage the stratospheric ozone
layer, creating holes and allowing harmful ultraviolet radiation to
leakthrough.
Personal
insight: In
green buildings, this is related to the use of refrigerants and
insulation materials. For example, avoiding ozone-depleting
substances like certain HFCs in HVAC systems.
17.
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME
Referenced
definition:
A
building whose occupants experience acute health and/or comfort
affects that appear to be linked to time spent therein, but where no
specific illness or cause can be identified. Complaints can be
localized in a particular room or zone, or may be spread throughout
the building and may abate on leaving the building.
Personal
insight:
In green buildings, sick building syndrome is caused by poor indoor
air quality or off-gassing materials. One good solution is the use of
non-toxic, low-VOC
paints
and ensuring proper ventilation.
18.
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFC)
Referenced
definition:
Stable,
artificially created chemical compounds containing carbon, chlorine,
fluorine and sometimes, hydrogen. Chlorofluorocarbons, used primarily
to facilitate cooling in refrigerators and air-conditioners, deplete
the stratospheric ozone layer that protects the earth and its
inhabitants from excessive ultraviolet radiation.
Personal
insights: In
green buildings, this refers to substances that used to be common in
cooling systems. One solution is replacing old HVAC systems to
eliminate CFCs and protect the ozone layer.
19.
GREENFIELD AND BROWNFIELD
Referenced
definition:
The
Greenfield project means that a work which is not following a prior
work. In infrastructure the projects on the unused lands where there
is no need to remodel or demolish an existing structure are called
Greenfield projects. The projects which are modified or upgraded are
called Brownfield projects.
Personal
insight:
In
green buildings, site selection impacts environmental sustainability.
For example, redeveloping a brownfield site reduces urban sprawl and
utilizes existing infrastructure.
20.
ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDEX (EPI)
Referenced
definition:
Energy
Performance Index (EPI) is total energy consumed in a building over a
year divided by total bult up area in kWh/sqm/year and is considered
as a simplest and most relevant indicator for qualifying a building
as energy efficient or not.
Personal
insight: In
green building concept, this refers to the measurement of the energy
efficiency of a building. For example, a high EPI rating indicates
better energy performance and lower operational emissions.
21.
CIRCLES OF SUSTAINABILITY
Referenced
definition:
Circles
of Sustainability is a method for understanding and assessing
sustainability, and for managing projects directed towards socially
sustainable outcomes. It is intended to handle, seemingly intractable
problem such as outlined insustainable development debates.
Personal
insight: In
green buildings, particularly in urban development, there are four
dimensions considered in this concept: economic, ecological,
political, and cultural. For example, designing community-oriented
housing that is energy-efficient and culturally inclusive.
FINAL THOUGHTS
After
learning about the various concepts involved in sustainability, I
realized just how vast the subject is. I was finally able to identify
where my work assignments fit within this framework. I recently
became familiar with the term "Carbon Footprint," which
relates to the boiler exhaust chimney project I completed. I know I
could have done better in that project, but I believe it’s never
too late to learn. Sharing my knowledge and experiences through my
blogs about sustainability helps encourage others to engage in advocacy that holds significant value for future generations. It’s
definitely worth it!
Ar. JOEY CASTANEDA
Sustainable Architecture
Link in account for architectural works.
Citations:
https://www.wikipedia.org/
https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/
https://alison.com/
Photo attributions:
Grange
Porcher, former weaving mill, Le Curetet, Nivolas-Vermelle, Isère.
Detail of the frame and wall rammed earth.
(By
Wikimedia Commons : Hélène Rival, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=78366129)
Cover Photo: Hybrid
solar/wind system, 2400W windturbines, 4000W solar modules, island
Zirje, Croatia
(Nenad Kajić / Veneko.hr, CC BY-SA 4.0
<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia
Commons)
Bamboo
House designed by Kengo Kuma at Commune by the Great Wall
(By
AsAuSo - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93097579)
Lifecycle Assessment Framework: lecture material, SWAYAM: https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/
