URBAN BEEKEEPING AND GREEN BUILDINGS: Supporting Biodiversity in Tropical Cities

As Philippine cities evolve and urban density increases, the concept of green building is transforming beyond just energy efficiency and water conservation. Today, sustainable buildings are designed not only to reduce their ecological footprint but also to foster urban ecosystems, enhance biodiversity, and promote community well-being. A compelling and effective practice that aligns with these aspirations is urban beekeeping. Once confined to rural landscapes, beekeeping is now thriving on rooftops, green roofs, and in mixed-use developments in vibrant cities around the world, and this could be possible if not done so in any Philippine crowded cities like Metro Manila, Cebu, and Davao. When thoughtfully implemented, urban beekeeping not only enriches the ecological value of green buildings but also supports sustainability efforts in urban tropical environments. Embracing this practice can lead to healthier cities, stronger communities, and a thriving environment for both people and pollinators.

OBJECTIVE

These are a mix of academic research, expert commentary, and reputable reporting that relate directly to urban beekeeping, biodiversity, green roofs, and sustainable buildings. This blog serves as an essential supplement to my previous discussions on green building, seamlessly weaving together conceptual insights, practical applications of sustainability, and captivating case studies on biodiversity and ecosystems that highlight their relevance to tropical climates. Moreover, it aligns perfectly with green building rating systems, culminating in a powerful conclusion while offering valuable citations for readers eager to delve deeper into this critical topic.

Urban Beekeeping in a Tropical Context

In tropical countries such as the Philippines, biodiversity is naturally high, but rapid urbanization has fragmented habitats for pollinators. Concrete surfaces, heat islands, and the loss of flowering vegetation threaten bees and other insects essential to food systems. Urban beekeeping reintroduces pollinators into city environments, especially when paired with Green roofs and sky gardens, vertical greenery systems, and urban farms and community gardens. In the Philippine context, bees can thrive year-round due to the warm climate and availability of flowering plants, making cities surprisingly suitable environments when properly designed. In this case I would greatly advise clients or building owners to carefully plan on any projects involving beekeeping. Seek professional advise such as sustainability specialized architects, biologists, environmental scientists, etc.

Strengthening Biodiversity Through Green Buildings﾿

A key goal of green building is to restore ecological function, not just reduce environmental harm. Rooftop beehives support pollination of native and ornamental plants. Bees help maintain healthy vegetation in green roofs and landscaped podiums. Pollination improves plant resilience, contributing to urban cooling and stormwater management. Scientific research shows that green roofs can support diverse communities of bee species in urban areas, acting as habitat patches and sources of forage in otherwise hardened landscapes.

Green building link: Sustainable sites, site ecology, and biodiversity enhancement.

Synergy with Green Roofs and Urban Agriculture

Urban beekeeping works best as part of an integrated design strategy.

In the Philippines, many green buildings already include rooftop gardens, edible landscapes and community vegetable plots. Bees improve crop yield and plant health in these spaces, supporting local food production and reducing dependence on imported produce. Rooftop hives and urban agriculture together convert underutilized space into thriving ecosystems that support both people and pollinators.

Green building link: Urban agriculture, food security, and productive landscapes.

Social Sustainability and Environmental Awareness

Green buildings in tropical cities must also respond to social and cultural sustainability.

Urban beekeeping offers educational opportunities for residents, students, and building users; awareness of pollinators’ role in food systems; and community engagement through workshops or guided tours. Companies and developers can also use rooftop beehives to enhance sustainability reporting and engage stakeholders, linking built environments with natural systems.

Green building link: Social sustainability, occupant engagement, and environmental education.

Climate Resilience in Philippine Cities

Bees indirectly support climate adaptation strategies:

• Pollinated plants grow stronger and survive extreme weather better

• Healthy vegetation improves air quality and microclimates

• Local food systems reduce carbon emissions from transportation

As climate risks such as heat waves and flooding increase in tropical cities, green buildings that support living systems—like pollinators—become more resilient and adaptive.

Green building link: Climate resilience and adaptive design.

Alignment with Philippine Green Building Frameworks

Urban beekeeping complements local and international rating systems:

• BERDE (Philippines) — Site ecology, environmental initiatives, community engagement

• LEED — Sustainable Sites, Innovation, Community Connectivity

• BREEAM / Green Star — Land use and ecological value

Beekeeping activities (e.g., rooftop apiaries) and enhanced pollinator habitats support broader ecological strategies that help buildings perform better across sustainability metrics.

Responsible Design and Local Considerations

To ensure urban beekeeping supports green building goals, careful planning is essential:

• Proper hive placement away from pedestrian areas

• Use of locally appropriate or native bee species

• Compliance with local ordinances and barangay regulations

• Professional hive management to ensure safety and bee health

Urban beekeeping must be designed to minimize conflicts, ensure safe coexistence, and protect pollinator welfare in densely populated areas.

FINAL THOUGHTS: Buildings as Living Participants

Urban beekeeping revolutionizes green buildings, turning them from mere structures into vital participants in urban ecosystems. In tropical cities like those in the Philippines, where biodiversity and climate challenges converge, this practice not only supports pollinators but also enhances green roofs, fosters community connections, and strengthens ecological resilience. By embracing urban beekeeping, green buildings can truly fulfill their mission: harmonizing with nature, even in the bustling heart of the city.

Ar. JOEY CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

CITATIONS

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/urban-beekeeping-on-green-rooftops

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-28698-7

https://www.alveole.buzz/blog/sustainable-urban-beekeeping/

https://urbanbee.lt/en/

https://urbanbeeyard.site/

PHOTO ATTRIBUTION

All photos are copyrighted owned by Architalktural

PRINTS:

FLORAL BEEHIVE SEAMLESS PATTERN DESIGN:

https://www.redbubble.com/i/throw-pillow/Floral-Beehive-Seamless-Pattern-by-joeycastaneda/170666532.5X2YF

MINIMALIST DESIGN AND ITS ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE | ARCHITALKTURAL

 

MINIMALIST DESIGN AND ITS ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

In recent decades, minimalist design has surged in popularity, captivating audiences with its clean lines, simplicity, and timeless aesthetic. However, minimalism represents much more than a mere design trend; it lays a powerful foundation for sustainable architecture. By prioritizing efficiency, restraint, and intentional design, minimalist architecture inherently embraces the core principles of green building and long-term environmental stewardship. This article delves into how minimalist design not only contributes to sustainable architecture but also highlights real-world examples and connects these principles to established green building rating systems, making a compelling case for the value of minimalism in promoting a more sustainable future.

OBJECTIVE

This blog perfectly complements my previous explorations of green building by seamlessly integrating conceptual insights, practical sustainability connections, and compelling case studies—many of which are relevant to tropical climates. It also aligns with green building rating systems, culminating in a strong conclusion and providing valuable citations for deeper exploration.

Minimalist architecture embodies the principle of "less is more," prioritizing function over unnecessary embellishments. By focusing on simplicity in form and space, genuine expression of materials, and the removal of superfluous elements, minimalist design evolves into a powerful tool for achieving sustainability goals. When thoughtfully applied, minimalism transcends mere aesthetics to become a strategic approach that benefits both the environment and the user.

The following are the major roles that Minimalist Style play in Sustainable Architecture

1. Reduced Material Use and Construction Waste

Minimalist buildings intentionally limit the number of materials used, focusing only on what is essential. Sustainable benefits include lower material consumption, reduced construction waste and decreased embodied energy. By avoiding excessive finishes and decorative layers, minimalist architecture reduces resource extraction and manufacturing impacts—key concerns in sustainable construction.

2. Smaller, Efficient, and Purposeful Spaces

Minimalist design favors compact and well-organized layouts rather than oversized or underutilized spaces. This results in lower energy demand for heating, cooling, and lighting; reduced land use and site disturbance; and encouragement of multifunctional spaces. Space efficiency directly supports sustainability by reducing both operational and environmental costs over a building’s life cycle.

3. Maximizing Natural Light and Ventilation

Minimalist architecture often incorporates:

• Open floor plans

• Large, strategically placed windows

• Simple building forms that enhance airflow

Environmental advantages:

• Reduced reliance on artificial lighting

• Improved natural ventilation

• Enhanced indoor environmental quality (IEQ)

In tropical regions such as the Philippines, these strategies help reduce cooling loads while maintaining occupant comfort.

4. Honest and Durable Use of Materials

Minimalist architecture frequently highlights materials in their natural or raw state, such as exposed concrete; natural timber; stone and steel. These materials are often chosen for their durability and longevity, reducing the need for frequent replacement or maintenance. Using fewer surface finishes also minimizes the use of chemicals, adhesives, and coatings that can negatively impact indoor air quality.

5. Simplified Construction and Lower Carbon Footprint

Minimalist buildings typically use: simple geometries; repetitive structural modules; and straightforward construction systems. This simplicity leads to: faster construction timelines; reduced labor and material waste; and lower overall carbon emissions. Efficiency in construction directly supports sustainable building objectives.

6. Compatibility with Passive Design Strategies

Minimalism works seamlessly with passive design principles, which are central to sustainable architecture.

These include:

• Proper building orientation

• Natural shading elements

• Use of thermal mass

• Clean roof forms suitable for solar panels

Minimalist architecture avoids unnecessary complexity, making passive systems more effective and easier to integrate.

7. Encouraging Conscious and Sustainable Living

Minimalist spaces influence how occupants live and interact with their environment. Residents are more likely to: consume less energy and water; avoid unnecessary material accumulation and value long-lasting, high-quality elements. Sustainability is not only achieved through design but also through behavior, and minimalist architecture encourages mindful consumption.

Case Study Examples

1. Tropical Minimalist Homes (Southeast Asia)

Many contemporary homes in Southeast Asia adopt minimalist forms combined with:

• Cross-ventilation

• Deep roof overhangs

Staircase Inner Court

• Inner Courts, Courtyards and shaded outdoor spaces

These homes demonstrate how minimalist architecture can respond effectively to tropical climates while minimizing energy use.

Meditation_space_by_Tadao_Ando,_UNESCO,_Paris

2. Tadao Ando’s Minimalist Architecture (Japan)

Architect Tadao Ando’s work showcases minimalist concrete structures that rely heavily on:

• Natural light

• Spatial efficiency

• Thermal mass

While not all projects are explicitly labeled as “green,” their passive design strategies significantly reduce operational energy demands.

3. Modern Passive Houses

Minimalist aesthetics are commonly found in Passive House designs, where simplicity supports airtightness, insulation performance, and energy efficiency.

Alignment with Green Building Rating Systems

Minimalist architecture supports multiple criteria found in major green building certification systems:

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

• Energy efficiency

• Material optimization

• Indoor environmental quality

BERDE (Philippines)

• Efficient space planning

• Passive cooling and lighting strategies

• Resource-efficient materials

EDGE (Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies)

• Reduced energy use

• Water efficiency

• Lower embodied energy in materials

Minimalist design makes it easier to meet these standards when sustainability is considered from the earliest design stages.

Important Consideration: Minimalism Is Not Automatically Sustainable

A minimalist building can still be unsustainable if it:

• Uses high-carbon materials without mitigation

• Relies heavily on mechanical systems

• Ignores local climate and cultural context

True sustainability depends on informed design decisions, not appearance alone.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Minimalist architecture plays a crucial role in sustainable design by significantly reducing material and energy use. It enhances the effectiveness of passive design, improves indoor environmental quality, and fosters mindful, sustainable living. Embraced as a core design philosophy rather than a passing visual trend, minimalism not only contributes to green building practices but also champions long-term environmental responsibility. Adopting this approach is essential for a sustainable future.

Ar. JOEY CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

References and further reading recommendations:

• Le Corbusier. Toward an Architecture

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Buildings and Climate Change

• U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). LEED Rating System Overview

• World Green Building Council. Bringing Embodied Carbon Upfront

• Passive House Institute. Passive Building Principles

PHOTO ATTRIBUTIONS

Meditation space by Tadao Ando, UNESCO, Paris

By John Cummings - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58134508

The rest of the photos are owned by Architalktural.

EARTH-SHELTERED HOMES: A Natural Strategy for Sustainable and Green Architecture

As climate change and urban expansion pose increasing challenges to building design and construction, architects and planners are rediscovering nature as a source of innovative solutions. One of the most effective strategies is the earth-sheltered home — a structure that is either partially or entirely covered by soil. This groundbreaking architectural approach leverages the earth itself for insulation, protection, and as an environmental buffer, making it an exemplary model for sustainable architecture and green building practices.

OBJECTIVE

In this blog, we will delve into the essential impact of earth-sheltered homes in advancing green building concepts. These innovative homes not only align with but also enhance the three pillars of green building: environmental, economic, and social sustainability. As a key solution for architects dedicated to crafting eco-friendly dwellings, earth-sheltered homes are pivotal in our journey toward a sustainable future. I urge everyone—regardless of your background—to get involved in this critical dialogue, as each of us has a vital part to play in promoting a healthier, greener world for generations to come.

What Is an Earth-Sheltered Home?

An earth-sheltered home is a structure that is built into the ground or covered by soil on one or more sides. There are three main types:

• Bermed homes – Earth is packed against the exterior walls on one or more sides.

• Hillside (in-hill) homes – Built directly into a slope, with one exposed façade.

• Underground homes – Entirely below ground, often with central courtyards or skylights.

These homes are designed to take advantage of the earth’s naturally stable temperatures to improve comfort and reduce energy demands.

Contribution to Sustainable Architecture

1. Energy Efficiency Through Passive Design

The soil surrounding earth-sheltered homes acts as a natural thermal mass: keeps indoor temperatures stable throughout the year; reduces heat loss in cold seasons; and minimizes heat gain in hot climates. This reduces reliance on mechanical heating and cooling systems, which lowers energy consumption and carbon emissions — a key goal of green buildings.

2. Reduced Carbon Footprint

Earth-sheltered homes contribute to climate change mitigation by lowering operational energy use, reducing dependency on fossil-fuel-powered systems and extending building lifespan due to protection from weather. Over time, this significantly decreases the building’s overall lifecycle carbon footprint.

3. Preservation of Natural Landscape

Unlike conventional housing, earth-sheltered homes blend into their surroundings: roofs can be vegetated to create green roofs; natural landforms remain visually intact and wildlife habitats and vegetation can be restored over the structure. This low-impact development approach aligns with sustainable land-use planning principles.

4. Climate Resilience and Disaster Protection

The surrounding earth provides strong physical protection: high resistance to strong winds and storms; natural fire resistance compared to exposed wooden structures; and protection from temperature extremes. This makes earth-sheltered homes valuable in regions facing increasingly severe climate events.

5. Improved Indoor Environmental Quality

Earth-sheltered homes naturally support healthier indoor conditions by providing superior sound insulation, more stable indoor humidity, and protection from outdoor dust and air pollution. When combined with proper ventilation and daylighting systems, they create comfortable, healthy living environments.

6. Water Conservation and Management

These homes often integrate sustainable water strategies such as rainwater harvesting systems, green roofs that slow stormwater runoff, and natural soil filtration around the structure. This reduces pressure on municipal drainage systems and supports water conservation goals.

Role in Green Building Concepts

Earth-sheltered homes strongly support the three pillars of green building:

Green Building Pillar	Contribution of Earth-Sheltered Homes
Environmental	Reduces emissions, preserves landscapes, improves biodiversity
Economic	Lowers long-term energy and maintenance costs
Social	Creates healthier, quieter, more comfortable living spaces

They also align with international green building standards such as those promoted by the U.S. Green Building Council through energy- and site-efficiency-focused rating systems.

Real-World Examples

Notable earth-sheltered projects include:

• Earth House Estate (Dietikon, Switzerland)

• Malator House (Pembrokeshire, Wales)

• Hockerton Housing Project (United Kingdom)

These projects demonstrate how earth-sheltered design can be successfully implemented in modern housing.

Challenges and Considerations in General

Despite their many benefits, earth-sheltered homes require careful planning:

• Effective waterproofing and drainage systems

• Proper ventilation and moisture control

• Higher initial construction costs in some cases

However, these challenges are usually offset by long-term environmental and energy savings.

Challenges in the Philippines

Earth-sheltered homes make sense in the Philippines due to its hot, humid and typhoon-prone climate which makes passive cooling and structural resilience essential. However, despite of its promising potentials, there exist some several local challenges that must be considered:

• High groundwater levels in coastal and lowland areas;

• Soil stability and landslide risks in mountainous regions;

• Need for skilled waterproofing and structural engineering; and

• Higher initial construction expertise requirements.

These challenges requires proper site selection, specialized technical design and adherence to government's green building/environmental laws and certifications.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Earth-sheltered homes serve as a transformative approach in sustainable architecture, harnessing natural systems to enhance living environments. By utilizing passive thermal control, minimizing environmental impact, and bolstering resilience, they exemplify the key tenets of green building. As the construction industry increasingly embraces lower-carbon and climate-responsive designs, earth-sheltered homes emerge as both a practical and visionary solution for a sustainable future.

Ar. JOEY CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

Citations and Recommended Guidance References:

• United States Department of Energy (DOE). Energy-Efficient Earth Sheltered Homes.

• University of Minnesota Extension. Earth-Sheltered Housing Design Guidelines.

• U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). Sustainable Site and Energy Strategies in Green Buildings.

• Vale, Brenda & Vale, Robert (2002). The New Autonomous House: Design and Planning for Sustainability. Thames & Hudson.

• Kibert, Charles J. (2016). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery. Wiley.

PHOTO ATTRIBUTION:

Earth House Estate (Dietikon, Switzerland)

By Archi0780 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3084002

Malator House (Pembrokeshire, Wales)

By Malator Eco House by Alan Hughes, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=153729216

Hockerton Housing Project (United Kingdom)

By Hockerton Housing Project by Richard Croft, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115585511

Cover Photo:
By Archi0780 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3083981

 

ECO-BRUTALISM: Where Raw Architecture Meets Regenerative Design | Architalktural

 

ECO-BRUTALISM: Where Raw Architecture Meets Regenerative Design

In recent years, an innovative architectural trend has emerged, merging the unrefined beauty of concrete with the healing essence of nature. This movement, known as eco-brutalism, redefines traditional Brutalist architecture by prioritizing sustainability. Unlike classic Brutalism, which is often characterized by stark, imposing forms, eco-brutalism embraces vibrant greenery, ecological systems, and energy-efficient design, fostering a harmonious coexistence between nature and urban structures. As eco-brutalism gains momentum, it captivates global interest for its remarkable ability to transform dull urban landscapes into flourishing, sustainable ecosystems, paving the way for a healthier future.

OBJECTIVE

I grew up immersed in the Classic Brutalist era, a time defined by the visionary work of renowned architect Leandro Locsin. His masterpieces, including the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Philippine International Convention Center, and Ninoy Aquino International Airport, have left a profound mark on our architectural landscape. This exposure has given me a deep appreciation for the unique character that Brutalism embodies. Yet, as we face the urgent challenge of climate change, a transformative movement is taking root in architecture. Sustainable design is not only gaining importance but is evolving into a powerful new trend. Enter Eco-Brutalism—a fusion of traditional Brutalism with eco-friendly principles. This innovative approach represents a crucial step toward addressing our environmental concerns while honoring architectural history. Join me as we delve into the compelling world of Eco-Brutalism in this blog article.

What Is Eco-Brutalism?

Eco-brutalism is a contemporary design approach that integrates Brutalist architectural aesthetics with environmentally responsible design principles. It retains the visual strength and geometric clarity of Brutalism while embedding biological and ecological systems such as:

• Green roofs and rooftop gardens

• Vertical forests and green walls

• Passive ventilation and daylighting strategies

• Renewable and low-carbon building materials

• Climate-adaptive landscaping

Instead of softening the structure with ornamental details, eco-brutalism emphasizes coexistence between concrete and nature—inviting plants to climb, spill, and envelop the built form.

Characteristics of Eco-Brutalist Architecture

1. Integration of Greenery

Eco-brutalist buildings commonly feature:

• Cascading plants on concrete balconies

• Moss-covered retaining walls

• Terraced gardens embedded into the façade

• Vegetated podiums and walkways

Greenery softens the heavy concrete massing while improving microclimates and biodiversity.

2. Sustainable Use of Concrete

Concrete is a defining material of Brutalism, but eco-brutalism shifts toward sustainability by using:

• Low-carbon or geopolymer concrete

• Recycled aggregates

• Smart structural design to minimize material output

• Prefabrication to reduce construction waste

This approach balances durability with environmental responsibility.

3. Passive Design Strategies

Eco-brutalist buildings often incorporate:

• Natural ventilation through deep openings or breezeways

• Daylighting via large windows, skylights, and carved voids

• Thermal mass cooling, as concrete helps regulate indoor temperatures

These reduce energy consumption while enhancing occupant comfort.

4. Long-Lasting, Resilient Structures

Brutalism’s utilitarian approach aligns with sustainability by prioritizing:

• Longevity

• Structural resilience

• Low maintenance

Eco-brutalism enhances this by making structures adaptable and climate-responsive.

---

Eco-Brutalism and the Green Building Concept

Eco-brutalism contributes meaningfully to all three major pillars of green building: environmental, social, and economic sustainability.

1. Environmental Benefits

• Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect
  Vegetation cools the surroundings by shading solar-absorbing surfaces.

• Improved Energy Efficiency
  Passive design and strategically placed greenery reduce cooling and lighting loads.

• Stormwater Management
  Green roofs and landscaped terraces absorb rainfall and prevent flooding.

• Biodiversity Support
  Plants integrated into the façade create microhabitats for insects, birds, and small mammals.

2. Social Sustainability

• Biophilic Experience
  Eco-brutalist buildings reconnect occupants with nature, improving well-being and reducing stress.

• Engagement and Livability
  Shaded green walkways, rooftop parks, and community terraces enhance quality of life in dense cities.

3. Economic Sustainability

• Operational Savings
  Energy-efficient systems reduce long-term consumption costs.

• Durability and Low Maintenance
  Reinforced concrete structures last longer and require minimal upkeep, improving lifecycle performance.

Is Eco-Brutalism Truly Sustainable?

While eco-brutalism offers clear benefits, its sustainability depends on the thoughtfulness of execution. Buildings must incorporate:

• Efficient irrigation systems

• Drought-resistant or native plants

• Proper waterproofing and structural design

• Responsible material sourcing

• Compliance with local green building standards (such as BERDE in the Philippines or LEED)

Without these, a building may appear sustainable without delivering long-term environmental performance—what some call “greenwashing”.

Why Eco-Brutalism Is Gaining Popularity

Several factors contribute to the rise of eco-brutalism:

• Climate-responsive design is more important than ever.

• Urban areas need more green spaces without expanding outward.

• Younger generations are drawn to authentic, raw aesthetics paired with sustainability.

• Cities seek architecture that is both resilient and restorative.

Eco-brutalism offers a middle ground—maintaining structural integrity while reintroducing life and nature into the built environment.

Notable Examples of Eco-Brutalism 

Oasia Hotel Downtown — Singapore (See cover Photo)

• Oasia Hotel Downtown is a 27-storey mixed-use tower whose façade is covered with climbing plants belonging to dozens of species — over time the concrete + mesh exterior becomes cloaked in greenery.

• About 40% of the building’s volume is devoted to communal sky gardens and open-air terraces.

• The design uses natural ventilation and open garden terraces instead of purely air-conditioned enclosed spaces — promoting biodiversity (insects, birds) and creating a “vertical ecosystem.”

• This shows eco-brutalism at large-scale: a concrete high-rise reimagined as a living structure, reducing the environmental footprint while offering urban green space.

The Barbican Centre, Facade

The Barbican Centre — London, UK

• While originally built as a classic brutalist structure, the Barbican Centre has undergone sustainable retrofits, integrating green practices and plant-filled spaces.

• Its conservatory holds more than 1,500 plant species, turning part of the concrete estate into a lush, biodiverse environment.

• This example shows another face of eco-brutalism — not only in new buildings but also in how older, concrete-heavy structures can be reimagined and rehabilitated to support green design and urban ecology.

The Barbican Centre, Plant-filled spaces

FINAL THOUGHTS

Eco-brutalism signifies a transformative approach to our vision of future cities. By integrating the raw honesty of Brutalism with the fundamentals of sustainable design, it creates a compelling and eco-friendly architectural identity. As climate issues escalate and urban areas become more crowded, eco-brutalism shows that we can achieve a balance between strength and compassion in architecture—where concrete not only defines structures but also harmonizes with nature, placing it at the forefront of urban life.

Ar. JOEY CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

References and Recommended Readings

• Banham, R. (1966). The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic? Architectural Press.

• Kellert, S., Heerwagen, J., & Mador, M. (2008). Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. Wiley.

• United States Green Building Council (USGBC). LEED v4.1 Standards.

• Philippine Green Building Council. BERDE Green Building Rating System.

• Pallasmaa, J. (2005). The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses. Wiley.

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2020–2024). Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction.

Photo attribution

Oasia Hotel Downtown — Singapore

By 100pss - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=86898098

The Barbican Centre — London, UK

By Approach to the Barbican Centre by Jim Osley, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=127093944

By Scott Wylie from UK - The Conservatory, Barbican Centre, London. Fujifilm., CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115468311

AN UPDATED LIST OF LAWS ESSENTIAL TO THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES | Architalktural

 

AN UPDATED LIST OF LAWS ESSENTIAL TO THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Prior to commencing any project, it is essential to be able to gain the fundamentals, if not the complete knowledge of the essential laws relevant to the professional practice of Architecture in the Philippines. According to Professional Regulation Commission website, https://prc.gov.ph/architecture, the practice of architecture is hereby defined to be: “The act of planning, architectural and structural designing, specifying, supervising, and giving general administration and responsible direction to the erection, enlargement or alterations of buildings and architectural design of engineering structures or any part thereof, the scientific, aesthetic and orderly coordination of all the processes which enter into the production of a complete building or structure performed through the medium of unbiased preliminary studies of plans, consultations, specifications, conferences, evaluations, investigations, contract documents and oral advice and directions regardless of whether the persons engaged in such practice are residents of the Philippines or have their principal office or place of business in this or another country, and regardless of whether such persons are performing one or all of these duties, or whether such duties are performed in person or as the directing head of an office or organization performing them.”

The Architecture Act of 2004, also known as Republic Act No. 9266 (listed below), is the primary legislation that governs the practice of architecture in the Philippines. This law sets out the qualifications, registration requirements, and code of conduct for architects practicing in the country. Aside from this law, there are quite a number of others that are essential to the practice such as those concerning the environment, accessibility, fire, human settlement, etc.

My main objective in writing this blog is to help students. professionals and even workers in the construction industry to be able to refer to a single landing page where they could access all the necessary links directly to the specific laws needed for any specific activity they are involved in. It would be an advantage to have the technical knowhow of these laws so that every construction team member will be aware of the architectural aspect of the industry for proper coordination and smooth workflow.

The following are selected references and document links for the above purpose:

LAWS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9266

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A MORE RESPONSIVE AND COMPREHENSIVE REGULATION FOR THE REGISTRATION, LICENSING AND PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 545, AS AMENDED, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS "AN ACT TO REGULATE THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES," AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

https://www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/ARCHITECTURE%20LAW.PDF

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 

MALACAÑANG Manila PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1096 ADOPTING A NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES THEREBY REVISING REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED SIXTY-FIVE HUNDRED FORTY ONE

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/references/laws_codes_orders/national_law

IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (PD 1096) OFFICIAL TEXT 2005 REVISED EDITION

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/references/laws_codes_orders/PD1096

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AFFECTING ARCHITECTURE

THE PHILIPPINE GREEN BUILDING CODE 

June 2015 A Referral Code of the NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/references/laws_codes_orders/pgbc

Philippine Green Building Code Full Text and User Guide; GB Code Checklist-Architectural; GB Code Checklist Electrical and ECE; GB Code Checklist-Mechanical; GB Code Checklist-Plumbing and Sanitary

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/references/guidelines_manuals/green_building

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1308 March 2, 1978

REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF THE PROFESSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES

https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1978/pd_1308_1978.html

ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 42

RATIONALIZING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) SYSTEM AND GIVING AUTHORITY, IN ADDITION TO THE SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANAD NATURAL RESOURCES, TO THE DIRECTOR AND REGIONAL DIRECTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND MANAGEMENT'S BUREAU TO GRANT OR DENY THE ISSUANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATES

https://www.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/AO-42.pdf

ECC ONLINE APPLICATION WEBSITE

https://ecconline.emb.gov.ph/live/

ACCESSIBILITY LAW

Batas Pambansa Bilang 344 (Accessibility Law) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/references/laws_codes_orders/bpb344

Enforcement of the Accessibility of the Law (BP 344) along National Roads

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/references/laws_codes_orders/enforcement_bp344

FIRE SAFETY CODE

FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, RA9514 IRR as of June 26, 2009

https://bfp.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Fire-Code-of-the-Philippines-2008-IRR.pdf

HOUSING LAWS

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 957 July 12, 1976

REGULATING THE SALE OF SUBDIVISION LOTS AND CONDOMINIUMS, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF

https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1976/pd_957_1976.html

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1216

DEFINING "OPEN SPACE" IN RESIDENTIAL SUBDIVISIONS AND AMENDING SECTION 31 OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 957 REQUIRING SUBDIVISION OWNERS TO PROVIDE ROADS, ALLEYS, SIDEWALKS AND RESERVE OPEN SPACE FOR PARKS OR RECREATIONAL USE

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2019/irr_11201_2019.html

THE IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11201, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE “DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT ACT”

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2019/irr_11201_2019.html

BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 220

AN ACT AUTHORIZING THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS TO ESTABLISH AND PROMULGATE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF STANDARDS AND TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIALIZED HOUSING PROJECTS IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS FROM THOSE PROVIDED UNDER PRESIDENTIAL DECREES NUMBERED NINE HUNDRED FIFTY-SEVEN, TWELVE HUNDRED SIXTEEN, TEN HUNDRED NINETY-SIX AND ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-FIVE.

https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/13859

LAWS OF OTHER PROFESSIONS RELATED TO ARCHITECTURE

Republic Act No. 8534, February 23, 1998

AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF INTERIOR DESIGN IN THE PHILIPPINES

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8534_1998.html

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9053, March 30, 2001

AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHTECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9053_2001.html

Republic Act No. 1378 An Act To Regulate the Trade Of Master Plumber 

https://prc.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Master%20Plumbing%20-%20Board%20Law_0.PDF

REPUBLIC ACT 9003 January 26, 2001

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9003_2001.html

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