Living with Water: A Tribute to Kongjian Yu and the Sponge City Concept

Living with Water: A Tribute to Kongjian Yu and the Sponge City Concept

The world of architecture, landscape, and ecological design faces a significant loss with the passing of Professor Kongjian Yu, a visionary Chinese landscape architect who introduced the groundbreaking “sponge city” concept. His impact is evident not only in the resilient cities and lush green corridors he designed but also in the transformative way we now approach water, nature, and sustainability within urban spaces. Yu’s innovative ideas challenged the traditional mindset of managing water through concrete barriers and drainage systems. He advocated for a harmonious relationship with water, viewing it as an essential element that, when embraced and integrated, can enhance our urban environments and safeguard us against climate-related threats. As we confront more frequent floods, rising sea levels, and urban heat stress, his pioneering vision is more crucial than ever. Let us honor his legacy by adopting sustainable practices that put nature back at the heart of our cities.

“Floods are not enemies,” explains Professor Kongjian Yu in the World Economic Forum. "We can make friends with floods. We can make friends with water.” 

(Source: weforum.org 2019, see citations below for link).

OBJECTIVE:

This blog stands as my heartfelt tribute to the esteemed landscape architect Kongjian Yu and his remarkable impact on sustainable urban planning. While I have not had the privilege of meeting him personally, the loss of a fellow advocate for sustainable architecture resonates deeply with me. The principles Professor Kongjian Yu has pioneered have profoundly shaped my understanding, even though I have yet to implement them in my own projects. One of my primary goals in writing is to enhance environmental awareness, and I hope this piece inspires your future endeavors. Should it influence your work or decisions, please ensure to attribute your insights to Architect Kongjian Yu, the visionary behind the “Sponge City Concept.” Your acknowledgment can help further his legacy and promote a sustainable future for all.

THE SAD NEWS

According to ArchDaily, Kongjian Yu, the pioneering Chinese landscape architect and urban planner credited with coining the "sponge city" concept, has passed away at 62. According to Reuters, he was killed in a plane crash on Tuesday, September 23, 2025 in the wetlands of Mato Grosso do Sul state, in Brazil, while reportedly filming a documentary about his work, after being featured in the opening program of the São Paulo International Architecture Biennale last week.

“We've misunderstood what it means to be developed. We need to develop a new system, a new vernacular to express the changing relationship between land and people.” - Kongjian Yu, in an interview for ArchDaily

What is the Sponge City Concept?

According to Wikipedia, “Sponge city is an urban planning model that originated in China, first proposed by Kongjian Yu, that emphasizes the implementation of hydro-ecological infrastructure. Sponge cities focus on flood prevention and stormwater management via green infrastructure instead of purely relying on drainage systems. Urban flooding, water shortages, and the heat island effect can be alleviated by having more urban parks, gardens, green spaces, wetlands, nature strips, and permeable paving, which will both improve ecological biodiversity for urban wildlife and reduce flash floods by serving as reservoirs for capturing, retaining, and absorbing excess stormwater.”

PERSONAL INSIGHT:

The sponge city concept is an innovative, nature-based solution for managing urban water. Rather than treating rainfall as a nuisance to be swiftly drained away, a sponge city intelligently absorbs, stores, filters, and reuses this vital resource, mimicking the natural behavior of a sponge. This transformative principle invites us to rethink urban design: let our cities thrive and function like the ecosystems they are part of.

Principles Behind the Sponge City Concept

1. Absorb Rainwater Where It Falls

   • Instead of relying only on underground pipes, sponge cities use permeable pavements, green roofs, and rain gardens to soak up stormwater. This reduces flooding and replenishes groundwater.

2. Store Water Naturally

   • Parks, wetlands, ponds, and restored rivers act as natural reservoirs. These green-blue infrastructures not only hold excess rain but also provide habitats for biodiversity and spaces for people to enjoy.

3. Filter and Cleanse

   • Vegetation and soil naturally filter pollutants from runoff, improving water quality before it re-enters rivers or aquifers. This reduces reliance on expensive treatment plants and creates healthier ecosystems.

4. Reuse and Recycle

   • Collected rainwater can be used for irrigation, cooling, or even non-potable household use. In doing so, cities reduce dependence on freshwater sources, making them more resilient in times of drought.

5. Adapt to Local Ecology

   • Sponge city design is not a one-size-fits-all solution. It respects local geography, climate, and culture. Yu emphasized that solutions should draw from nature itself, designing with the land rather than against it.

Why Sponge Cities Matter Today

• Climate Resilience: As floods become more frequent, sponge cities protect communities by slowing and absorbing water rather than letting it overwhelm infrastructure.

• Urban Cooling: By increasing vegetation and open water, sponge cities help mitigate the urban heat island effect, improving public health.

• Biodiversity: Restored wetlands and green corridors support wildlife, reconnecting cities with nature.

• Quality of Life: These designs create healthier, greener, and more enjoyable spaces for people to live, work, and relax in.

In essence, sponge cities turn gray infrastructure into green infrastructure, blending function with beauty.

Tianjin Qiaoyuan Park (Tianjin City, built 2008)

Case Examples of Sponge City Projects

China / Projects by Kongjian Yu & Turenscape

1. Sanya Dong’an Wetland Park, Hainan Province
   In 2016, Turenscape transformed a polluted and degraded wetland corridor into a multifunctional sponge system. The design includes wetlands, ponds, rice paddies, greenways, and coastal habitat restoration. It helps with water retention, filtration, and aquifer recharge, while also providing paths and recreation areas.

2. Sanya Mangrove Park
   Also in Sanya, Hainan. What was once a trash-strewn landfill with concrete flood walls was reworked into a biodiverse mangrove park with finger-like landforms, skywalks, pathways, elevated pavilions, etc. Its functions are ecological, hydrological (flood control, water filtering) and social (public use).

3. Nanchang Fish Tail Park, Jiangxi Province
   A more recent project (2022). This was a reclaimed, polluted site (former fish farm + coal ash dump) turned into a “floating forest” park with many small planted islands, water features, paths. It moderates stormwater, improves biodiversity, and serves as public amenity.

4. Jinan, Shandong Province
   As part of the pilot sponge city program, Jinan aimed to reduce water pollution and revive springs (e.g. Baotu Spring). The projects have included increasing green infrastructure, improving drainage, improving runoff controls to reach high proportions of rainfall retention, etc. These have helped groundwater levels, among other things.

5. Tianjin Qiaoyuan Wetland Park

   According to Turenscape’s project statement: “Through Regenerative Design and by changing landforms, the natural process of plant adaptation and community evolution is introduced to transform a former deserted shooting range used as a garbage dump, into a low maintenance urban park; providing diverse nature’s services for the city including containing and purifying storm water; improving the saline-alkali soil, providing opportunities for environmental education and creating a cherished aesthetic experience.” (Source: Turrenscape Website. See citations for complete link).

6. Early Projects / Heritage + Cultural Landscape Retention

   • Zhongshan Shipyard Park, Guangdong Province (2001) — reuse of an old shipyard, preserving industrial structures and integrating landscape to retain cultural memory while also allowing water to permeate and be managed naturally.

   • Red Ribbon Park, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province (2007) — more minimal but with features like boardwalks, native vegetation, and restoration of natural riverside landscape.

Source: Turenscape website (See citations below for links).

Projects / Adaptations in Southeast Asia & the Philippines (Not all are Turenscape Project)

1. Benjakitti Forest Park, Bangkok, Thailand
   A great example in Southeast Asia. This park (52.7 ha) used to be a brownfield (former industrial / tobacco factory site), with problems of subsidence and flooding. The design by Turenscape created sponge features: stormwater storage capacity (a large volume), sponge wetlands, recreational boardwalks, etc. It has been resilient: during heavy rainfall events, much of Bangkok flooded but the park and its surroundings largely held up. (Source: Turenscape website - See citations below for links)

2. Metro Manila, Philippines – Sponge City Principles Eyed
   The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) is planning to integrate sponge city principles into Manila’s flood management framework. Proposed interventions include:

   • permeable pavements

   • underground reservoirs

   • wetlands and parks

   • green roofs

   • riverside esplanades / walkways that capture run-off / nature-based solutions

Source: Philstar Global 2025 (See citations below for links).

3. Chennai, India – Sponge Parks, Ponds, Underground Rainwater Harvesting
   Though not by Kongjian Yu, Chennai is doing large scale efforts: restoring ponds, creating “sponge parks”, installing underground rainwater harvesting tanks in parks and public spaces. This reduces waterlogging, improves groundwater recharge, and creates usable public space.(Source: downtoearth.org.in - See citations below for exact links)

Lessons from These Examples

• Multifunctionality is key: Parks and wetlands are not just for flood control; they also offer recreation, habitat, cooling, social gathering, culture. Many projects combine ecological, social, aesthetic, and hydrological functions.

• Working with existing landscapes/legacy sites: Reclaiming degraded land (old industrial, polluted wetlands, landfills) often offers more impactful gains than starting from scratch. Also, retaining cultural or heritage elements makes the projects more meaningful to the community.

• Scale & Incremental approach: Some sponge city projects are huge, others are micro (individual parks, streets). Both matter. Smaller projects often serve as demonstrations or pilots, which build public awareness. Over time, scaling up.

• Local adaptation: Designs reflect the local climate (monsoon vs. temperate), soil, hydrology, ecology, culture, and also the financial & governance context. What works in Sanya may need modification in Metro Manila or Chennai. Some areas already have wetlands or mangroves; others need rain gardens or underground reservoirs.

• Monitoring & maintenance: It’s not enough to build sponge infrastructure; feedback, data, maintenance, and behavioral change (e.g., reducing solid waste so storm drains aren’t blocked) are all necessary. Several Chinese pilot cities report challenges around upkeep, public awareness, and coordinating jurisdictions.

Kongjian Yu’s Enduring Legacy

Kongjian Yu's vision merges modern science with ancient wisdom in a profound way. Drawing from traditional Chinese water systems, rice paddies, and terraced landscapes, he crafts innovative urban solutions that resonate globally. His influence extends beyond China, inspiring cities across Asia, Europe, and beyond to adopt sponge city principles as a framework for sustainable living. As architects, planners, and engaged citizens, we have the opportunity to honor his legacy by recognizing the essential connection between human settlements and nature. By designing our cities to work with water, rather than against it, we can build resilient urban environments that flourish amid the challenges of climate change.

FINAL REFLECTION

The passing of Kongjian Yu is a significant loss, yet his teachings will continue to inspire architects, designers, and urban thinkers for generations to come. The sponge city concept transcends mere engineering; it embodies a philosophy of humility—serving as an invitation to honor the natural rhythms of our environment and to embrace water as a valuable ally rather than a foe. In remembering his legacy, we must acknowledge a vital truth: the sustainability of future cities relies on our commitment to coexist harmoniously with the natural world, rather than isolating ourselves from it.

“In honoring Kongjian Yu, we remember not only a visionary architect, but a gentle teacher who showed us that by listening to water, we learn how to live in harmony with the earth.”

Ar J CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

CITATIONS

https://www.archdaily.com/1034437/kongjian-yu-creator-of-the-sponge-city-concept-passes-away-in-brazil-plane-crash?fbclid=IwY2xjawNGqGFleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHgG53ZDktuea9Lxr0VcufemItHdRSbPL674Y523AXZmDIFyzOlLr8vJXB0D9_aem_RLDqX0QpDFcGZLJjjV29kg

https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/08/sponge-cities-china-flood-protection-nature-wwf/

https://www.turenscape.com/en/project/index/4.html

https://www.turenscape.com/en/project/detail/4751.html

https://www.turenscape.com/en/project/detail/339.html

https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/09/07/2471018/sponge-city-principle-eyed-metro-manila

PHOTO ATTRIBUTIONS

By GSAPPstudent - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74560631

By Mydogistiaotiaohu - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112853252

LIVING WITH WETLANDS: How Green Building Integrates with Fragile Ecosystems | Architalktural

LIVING WITH WETLANDS: How Green Building Integrates with Fragile Ecosystems

Wetlands are among the Earth's most vital ecosystems, offering significant benefits, including natural water filtration, flood protection, and rich biodiversity. In many regions, including the Philippines, these wetlands are not only ecological treasures but also the lifeblood for communities that have thrived alongside them for generations. 

OBJECTIVE

The pressing question we must address is this: How can we enable these communities to coexist with wetlands in a way that preserves their ecological integrity and ensures their survival? We must find sustainable solutions that protect these invaluable ecosystems while supporting the people who depend on them. This is where the green building concept offers meaningful solutions. Instead of treating wetlands as obstacles to development, green building integrates human habitation with ecological preservation—designing homes and communities that respect, adapt to, and even enhance their natural surroundings.

WHAT IS A WETLAND?

In accordance with the definition on Wikipedia.org, "A wetland is a distinct semi-aquatic ecosystem whose groundcovers are flooded or saturated in water, either permanently, for years or decades, or only seasonally. Flooding results in oxygen-poor (anoxic) processes taking place, especially in the soils. Wetlands form a transitional zone between waterbodies and dry lands, and are different from other terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems due to their vegetation's roots having adapted to oxygen-poor waterlogged soils. They are considered among the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as habitats to a wide range of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants and animals, with often improved water quality due to plant removal of excess nutrients such as nitrates and phosphorus."

According to the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the Biodiversity Management Bureau:

"Wetlands are ecosystems that may be natural or artificial and are permanently or seasonally saturated or flooded with water that may be static or flowing. Basically, they refer to any land areas that have waterlogged soil. In Republic Act No. 11038, also known as “Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 2018,” wetlands refer to:

1. Inland habitats – marshes, peatlands, floodplains, rivers, and lakes;
2. Coastal and marine areas – saltmarshes, mangroves, intertidal mudflats and seagrass beds, and also coral reefs and other marine areas no deeper than six (6) meters at low tide; and
3. Human-made wetlands – dams, reservoirs, rice paddies and wastewater treatment ponds and lagoons."

PERSONAL INSIGHT

We may compare wetlands to a kidney for their remarkable ability to filter pollutants and enhance water quality. These vital ecosystems provide essential services, such as flood control, groundwater recharge, and a sanctuary for countless species of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants and animals. By serving as nurseries for fish and other aquatic life, wetlands foster biodiversity and support vibrant ecosystems. Furthermore, their crucial role in carbon sequestration is pivotal in the fight against climate change, as they store carbon dioxide that would otherwise exacerbate global warming. Protecting and preserving wetlands is not just beneficial; it is essential for a healthy environment and a sustainable future.

GREEN BUILDING RELATED CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGNING FOR WETLANDS

Building with Sensitivity to Place

The first principle of green building in wetlands emphasizes the need to respect the land's delicate balance. It is essential to avoid disturbing core wetland areas and to honor the natural buffer zones that protect them. By clustering homes and facilities on less-sensitive ground, we can reduce our ecological footprints while still fulfilling the community's needs without the negative impacts of sprawling developments. Stilt houses have long been a traditional solution in wetland communities for good reason—they allow water to flow freely beneath while keeping inhabitants safe from floods. Embracing this wisdom, green building advocates for raised, lightweight, and modular structures that harmonize with nature rather than combat it. This approach not only promotes sustainability but also enhances community resilience in the face of environmental challenges.

Example – The Philippines: In Agusan Marsh, one of the country’s most significant wetlands, the indigenous Manobo people traditionally live in floating houses locally called “baylan.” These houses rise and fall with the water level, a natural form of climate-adaptive architecture. Integrating modern green design—such as solar panels and rainwater collectors—could enhance these floating homes while preserving cultural heritage.

Designing for Water and Climate

Water is life in wetlands, but it also poses the biggest challenge. Green building promotes:

• Rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling to reduce the draw from wetland water sources.

• Constructed wetlands for natural wastewater treatment, keeping real wetlands free from contamination.

• Flood-adaptive designs, such as amphibious or floating homes, ensure resilience as water levels shift with seasons or climate change.

Example – Cambodia: On Tonle Sap Lake, communities live in floating villages where schools, houses, and even markets rest on the water. Some pilot projects have introduced solar-powered floating schools, combining traditional living patterns with modern renewable energy solutions.

Example – Philippines: In Candaba Swamp (Pampanga), where seasonal flooding is part of life, green building principles could support adaptive housing and eco-tourism lodges that rise with water levels while using renewable energy systems, turning natural challenges into sustainable opportunities.

Candaba Swamp, Pampanga

Energy, Resources, and Daily Life

Wetland communities often face limited access to reliable energy. Green building responds with renewable and efficient systems: solar panels, biogas stoves, and natural ventilation strategies that minimize dependence on external grids. Locally sourced and renewable building materials—such as bamboo and reclaimed wood—further reduce ecological impact while reflecting cultural identity.

Example – Nigeria: The Makoko Floating School in Lagos was a prototype structure designed on a triangular floating platform. Though experimental, it demonstrated how renewable energy and modular design can provide education while coexisting with wetlands.

People and Ecosystems Together

The integration of green building in wetland areas offers a transformative community-centered approach that cannot be underestimated. Many wetland communities are rich in ecological knowledge, possessing a deep understanding of which plants stabilize banks, how to fish sustainably, and how to align their lives with the rhythms of nature. By combining this invaluable traditional wisdom with modern science and sustainable technologies, green building revitalizes and strengthens these foundational practices. Adopting biodiversity-friendly methods—like planting native riparian vegetation, establishing green buffers, and implementing aquaponics systems—creates thriving ecosystems for both people and wildlife. Moreover, sustainable ecotourism can open up new economic opportunities while fostering a sense of responsibility to protect these vital wetlands for generations to come. Embracing these practices not only benefits our environment but also enriches our communities.

Example – Philippines: In Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary (Cebu), eco-lodges and boardwalks have been built with sensitivity to migratory bird habitats. By following green design principles, these facilities provide tourism income while minimizing disturbance to wetlands and wildlife.

Boardwalks built in Olango Island, Cebu.

ABSTRACT

Living with Water, Not Against It

In wetlands, green building is not about imposing rigid, concrete solutions. It is about designing with the water, not against it. By minimizing ecological disturbance, embracing adaptive architecture, and involving communities in every decision, green building makes it possible for people to live comfortably while ensuring that wetlands remain vibrant ecosystems. "Because when wetlands thrive, so do the communities within them."

FINAL THOUGHTS

A Call for Collaboration

The integration of green building concepts in wetlands is not merely an architectural challenge but an important collective responsibility that we all share. Policymakers, architects, engineers, and local communities must unite to devise solutions that balance human aspirations with ecological integrity. In the Philippines, wetlands like Agusan Marsh, Candaba Swamp, Laguna de Bay, and Olango Island are lifelines, providing essential resources and ecological protection. The urgency of this collaborative approach is particularly evident here. By investing in adaptive housing, renewable energy systems, and eco-tourism facilities designed for sustainability, we can safeguard these delicate ecosystems while enriching the lives of communities that depend on them.

Green building in wetlands is about redefining progress, not restricting it. It is about embracing a vision that honors nature’s rhythms, fosters biodiversity, and strengthens communities for future generations. Now is the moment to take action. By designing with water in mind, rather than against it, we can ensure that wetlands remain vibrant spaces of life, culture, and a harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. Let us commit to this vision and secure a sustainable future together.

Ar J CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

CITATIONS:

DEFINITION OF WETLAND

WIKIPEDIA:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland

DENR:

https://bmb.gov.ph/protected-area-development-and-management/philippine-wetlands/

PHOTO ATTRIBUTION

CANDABA SWAMP, PAMPANGA

Judgefloro, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

<ahref="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:03256jfBaliuag_Candaba_Roads_Swamps_Pampanga_Highway_Bulacanfvf_10.JPG">Judgefloro</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/03256jfBaliuag_Candaba_Roads_Swamps_Pampanga_Highway_Bulacanfvf_10.JPG

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:03256jfBaliuag_Candaba_Roads_Swamps_Pampanga_Highway_Bulacanfvf_10.JPG

OLANGO ISLAND, CEBU

Elmer nev valenzuela, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Long_Walk.jpg">Elmer nev valenzuela</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/The_Long_Walk.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Long_Walk.jpg

Cover photo is an original image created by Architalktural. Copyright 2025, all rights reserved.

BIOPHILIC DESIGN: Creating Green Buildings for Life (Part 2) | Architalktural

BIOPHILIC DESIGN

roof terrace surrounded with plants and trees.

BIOPHILIC DESIGN: Creating Green Buildings for Life (Part 2)

PART 2: Exploring Human Experiences with Nature

In our increasingly urbanized and technology-driven world, people are spending more time indoors than ever before. While modern buildings may be efficient and functional, they often disconnect us from the natural world—something our bodies and minds still crave. This is where Biophilic Design comes into play.

OBJECTIVE

This is the second episode of our mini-series on the subject of Biophilic Design. So, perhaps you may want to go through with the first part for a better understanding:

BIOPHILIC DESIGN: Creating Green Buildings for Life (Part 1)

Biophilic Design goes beyond simply adding plants to a space; it is an evidence-based approach to architecture and interior design that fosters a deeper human connection to nature. It taps into our innate biological affinity for the natural environment, improving physical health, boosting mental well-being, and enhancing productivity. By integrating natural elements, patterns, and spatial experiences into the built environment, biophilic design transforms ordinary spaces into restorative and inspiring places to live, work, and learn. In this episode, it will be a different approach this time. Instead of extracting excerpts from reference materials, I will be combining my personal insights and experiences while referencing research material. So please remain seated, as this would be another adventurous expedition in the enchanting jungles of Amazon.

THREE KEY CATEGORIES OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN

To better understand this concept, biophilic design can be explored through three key categories of human experiences with nature: Direct, Indirect, and Experience of Space & Place. Each category offers unique ways to incorporate the benefits of nature into our everyday lives.

1. Direct Experiences of Nature

Direct experiences involve actual, physical interaction with natural elements. These appeal to our senses in real time, allowing us to see, hear, feel, and even smell nature.

a. Natural Light

Natural light is one of the most effective ways to connect people with nature indoors. Sunlight regulates our circadian rhythm, boosts mood, and can enhance focus and creativity. Light plays a crucial role in helping people orient themselves with the time of day and the season. It contributes to wayfinding and comfort, and it can create natural patterns, movements, and shadows.

In design, this concept can be applied creating buildings with strategically placed windows, skylights, clerestories, reflective materials, light wells and atriums allow natural daylight to fill the space, reducing the need for artificial lighting and creating a healthier environment. Imagine working in an office bathed in soft morning light; your energy levels rise naturally, and your day begins on a brighter note.

Example: An office building with a glass façade and strategically placed workstations to maximize daylight exposure.

An office building with a glass façade
gives natural lighting.

To learn more about natural lighting, check out our relevant blog here: 

HARNESSING THE SUN: THE ROLE OF NATURAL LIGHTING IN SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN

b. Fresh Air & Natural Ventilation

Breathing in fresh air can truly rejuvenate both our minds and bodies. Features like cross-ventilation, operable windows, and open layouts allow breezes to bring in the scents of flowers, rain, and nearby vegetation. These conditions can be managed using windows and other passive strategies. Most importantly, variations in these elements can enhance occupant comfort and productivity. This experience is not only enjoyable but also healthier, as it helps reduce indoor pollutants and increases oxygen levels.

Example: A home designed with sliding glass doors that open to a garden, letting in breezes and scents from nearby plants.

Wall opening that open to a garden.

More natural ventilation information here:

 ENHANCING INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN GREEN BUILDINGS

c. Water Features

Water has a uniquely calming effect. The sight and sound of flowing water can lower heart rates, reduce stress, and create a meditative atmosphere. Water engages multiple senses and can be effectively integrated into building design to enhance movement, sound, touch, and sight. Whether it’s a trickling indoor fountain or a koi pond in a courtyard, water attracts people and encourages them to take a moment to pause. Water can be incorporated in buildings through elements such as water bodies, fountains, wetlands, and aquariums. People have a deep connection to water, and when utilized in design, it can reduce stress and improve health, performance, and overall satisfaction.

Example: I had my own personal experience in Japan going to Onsen. They have a section where you can lie down in flowing streams of natural warm water that provides relaxing atmosphere and a calming effect to the mind and body.

d. Vegetation & Greenery

Plants do not only look beautiful; they also improve air quality, reduce noise, and enliven spaces. Engaging with leaves, smelling flowers, or tending to indoor gardens provides sensory experiences and relaxation. Incorporating vegetation into both the exterior and interior spaces of a building creates a direct connection to nature. It is important to have an abundance of plants, such as green walls or numerous potted plants, some of which should produce flowers. Plants can enhance physical health, improve performance and productivity, and reduce stress for the occupants of the building.

Example: A roof terrace surrounded with plants and trees. Some call these roof gardens or green roofs. (See cover image)

e. Seasonal Changes

Observing the changing colors of trees, the blooming of flowers, or the falling of rain helps us appreciate nature's cycles and our role within them. Weather can be directly observed through windows and transitional spaces, but it can also be simulated by manipulating the air within a space. Incorporating large windows or outdoor seating areas that offer seasonal views establishes a dynamic connection with the environment, ensuring that our spaces remain visually and emotionally engaging throughout the year. In ancient times, awareness of the weather was crucial for human survival and fitness. Today, it continues to promote awareness and mental stimulation.

Example: A classroom with large windows overlooking deciduous trees that change colors throughout the year. Another example I could share may not only be visual, but something heard as well such as falling raindrops. Its sound always gives me a unique soothing effect. Same thing also when looking at them falling on your window sills.

ABSTRACT: Given the broad nature of this category, I have selected only a few important items for discussion. When it comes to incorporating nature in Biophilic design process, some elements were found to be challenging to achieve. However, I will leave room for their evolution over the years and will address them when the time is right. These elements include animals, natural landscapes, and fire, and there may be additional categories that develop in the future.

2. Indirect Experiences of Nature

Indirect experiences are symbolic or representational. They evoke nature without direct physical presence, often through design, material choice, and imagery.

a. Natural Materials

Materials like wood, bamboo, stone, and clay connect us to the earth’s raw textures and patterns. They invite touch, carry natural scents, and age gracefully over time. For example, a timber staircase not only serves its function but tells a story through its grain.

People are increasingly drawn to natural materials because they engage the mind and elevate our surroundings. These materials age beautifully, developing a unique patina that resonates with us on an emotional level. In architecture, incorporating elements like wood, bamboo, stone, and clay connect us to the earth’s raw textures and patterns and creates structures that feel alive and environmentally friendly. For example, a timber staircase not only serves its function but tells a story through its grain.

Similarly, in interior design, using natural fabrics and furnishings adds warmth and authenticity to our spaces. While leather has traditionally been viewed as a staple biophilic material, awareness of its environmental impact—stemming from animal agriculture as a significant contributor to climate change—compels us to reconsider our choices. Alternatives such as faux leathers made from mushrooms, pineapple skin, or cactus not only offer sustainability but also align with our desire for a deeper connection with nature. Embracing these plant-based options reinforces the philosophy of biophilia, reminding us that fostering a bond with nature shouldn’t come at the cost of harming it.

Example: A spa with wooden floors, stone basins, and woven rattan furniture.

b. Nature-Inspired Patterns (Biomorphic Forms)

Nature’s forms inspire remarkable designs because they are rarely straight or uniform; they create curve, spiral, and captivating patterns. By mimicking these shapes in furniture, textiles, and architectural details, we can evoke a sense of familiarity and comfort in our environments.

Incorporating repetitive and varied patterns found in nature, like fractals, into facades or structural elements can transform a space. These natural geometries feature hierarchical organization and flowing lines, moving away from rigid straight edges and harsh angles. Think of the honeycomb pattern or the gentle ripples in water—these designs not only enhance aesthetics but also connect us to the beauty of the natural world.

Example: Ceiling panels shaped like overlapping petals or wall tiles with ripple patterns.

c. Images & Artwork of Nature

Even without a window view, captivating images of forests, mountains, or ocean waves have the power to significantly reduce stress and enhance mood. In settings like hospitals or underground workspaces, these visuals become vital emotional lifelines for occupants. Numerous studies demonstrate that exposure to nature imagery provides profound emotional and intellectual satisfaction. By integrating these inspiring depictions through paintings, photographs, sculptures, murals, or videos, we can create environments that promote well-being and resilience.

Example: A hospital waiting room decorated with large, high-resolution images of forests and waterfalls.

Images of forests, mountains, or ocean waves 
reduces stress and enhance mood.

d. Natural Colors

Colors significantly influence our mood, and the hues derived from nature—like soothing greens, tranquil blues, warm browns, and soft earth tones—instill a sense of calm and balance in any environment. Imagine how a green-accented wall can enliven a room, reminiscent of the refreshing ambiance of a sunny park. Earth tones, often muted shades of brown, green, and blue, are prevalent in nature and should be the go-to choices for building colors. These natural hues create a harmonious atmosphere. Brighter colors, while eye-catching, should be used with caution; research has shown that red flowers on plants can become overwhelming and distracting for those who occupy the space. Embracing these subtle shades can transform your environment into a serene sanctuary.

Example: An apartment with soft green walls, sandy beige flooring, and warm wooden cabinetry.

e. Simulation of Natural Light & Shadows; and Air

When natural light is unavailable, utilizing lighting systems that replicate daylight cycles is essential for maintaining our body’s rhythm. By incorporating soft shadows and dynamic lighting changes throughout the day, we can evoke the feeling of sunlight filtering through leaves, creating a more harmonious environment. In settings where natural ventilation and light cannot be achieved, innovative strategies for interior lighting and mechanical ventilation can effectively mimic these vital elements. Designers can enhance this experience by using a variety of lighting types, reflective surfaces, and natural forms that allow light to diffuse beautifully. Additionally, subtle alterations in temperature, humidity, and air velocity can create the sensation of natural airflow, making our spaces feel more alive and connected to nature.

Example: LED systems in offices that shift from cool white in the morning to warm amber in the evening.

3. Experience of Space & Place

This category focuses on how spatial arrangements and environmental cues mimic the way we experience landscapes in the wild, influencing comfort, safety, and curiosity.

a. Prospect & Refuge

Humans feel secure when they can see their surroundings from a vantage point. This is why we gravitate toward high terraces or rooms with wide panoramic views—it’s a natural survival instinct rooted in open plains. Prospect emphasizes horizons, movement, and sources of danger.

Refuge refers to the building's ability to provide comfortable and nurturing interiors (alcoves, dimmer lighting). Conversely, we also need places of retreat. Small alcoves, covered porches, and enclosed nooks provide comfort, privacy, and a sense of protection—much like sheltering under a tree.

Examples: Design elements that include balconies, alcoves, lighting changes, and areas spaciousness (savannah environment).

b. Mobility

The ability for people to comfortably move between spaces, even when complex; it provides the feeling of security for occupants and can be done through making clear points of entry and egress. When different parts comprise a whole, it provides satisfaction for occupants

Example: Design elements include interior spaces using clear boundaries and or the integration of a central focal point.

c. Mystery

Spaces that suggest there’s more to discover encourage curiosity and exploration. When a path disappears behind a bend or a curtain partially reveals what’s beyond, our curiosity draws us forward. This sense of mystery adds depth and engagement to spaces.

Example: A winding garden path partially obscured by hedges, inviting people to find out what’s around the corner.

d. Risk / Peril (Perceived)

Small doses of perceived danger—like standing on a glass floor high above ground—create excitement and heighten sensory awareness, making the space more memorable. 

Example: A glass skywalk over a canyon or a rooftop pool with a transparent edge.

e. Transitional Spaces

This element aims to connect interior spaces with the outside or create comfort by providing access from one space to another environment through the use of porches, decks, atriums, doors, bridges, fenestrations, and foyers. This concept creates a gradual sensory shift. This transition makes the experience richer and more comfortable.

Example: A covered veranda with potted plants that leads into an open garden.

f. Integration with Local Context - Cultural and Ecological Attachment to Place

Using local materials, referencing traditional architecture, and designing in harmony with native landscapes connect people not just to nature but to culture and place. Creating a cultural sense of place in the built environment creates human connection and identity. This is done by incorporating the area's geography and history into the design. Ecological identity is done through the creation of ecosystems that promote the use of native flora and fauna.

Example: Log houses or nipa huts using native wood, bamboo, natural materials like nipa roofing, walls with traditional weaving techniques, and landscaping with endemic plants.

Houses with natural materials.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Biophilic design is far more than a fleeting architectural trend; it is a vital response to our inherent need for nature. Our bodies and minds are essentially wired to connect with the natural world, and when our built environments reflect this bond, we truly thrive. By intentionally integrating direct and indirect experiences of nature, alongside spatial features that resonate with the outdoors, we can craft spaces that enhance health, ignite creativity, and promote overall well-being. In today’s world, where disconnection from nature is prevalent, biophilic design emphasizes that the most effective buildings do more than provide shelter—they rejuvenate our spirits and remind us of what it means to be alive.

Ar J CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

CITATIONS:

Biophilic Design (Wikipedia)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophilic_design

PHOTO ATTRIBUTION

Glass wall photo courtesy of Pixabay.com.

The rest are original copyrighted by Architalktural, all rights reserved.