UNVEILING THE TRUE IDENTITY OF FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE - Have we really found it?

When we consider architecture, some well-known styles, like Gothic, Baroque, or Modern, often pop up. But what about Filipino architecture? Does it really exist as a unique style, or is it just a mix of influences from other cultures? The reality is that, Filipino architecture is much more than just a combination of styles—it continuously shows the Philippines' deep history, cultural variety, and one-of-a-kind surroundings. In this article, we will look into how Filipino architecture has evolved and answer the question: is there truly such a thing as Filipino architecture? 

Indigenous and Vernacular Architecture 

I have always been mesmerized by the concept of the Ifugao House, to the extent that even by its appearance, it gives me the impression that these houses might have been the very first houses built by our ancestors even before the Nipa Hut, or “Bahay Kubo.”

Ifugao House

Oh well, I should say I was really mesmerized because since I started writing this article, I have already developed that kind of strong urge in my mind, and so, I was eventually prompted to do some research about the Ifugao House right away. I told myself, why not?

As usual, I started looking at Wikipedia. But wait, it appears like Wikipedia only provides information about Ifugao as a place, but what about the house? I found one small picture with a short caption. And so I went on with other websites but unfortunately, I was not able to find the right information for the purpose that I am trying to point out. So I went on until I reached my last resort...I dug some research work of some universities instead, and voila! I think I found one that may help. There you go... oh wow, this one came from Ifugao State University itself. How about that? (please see citation).

Here's an excerpt from the report:

 

“The Ifugao build their native houses in villages or near the rice terraces. It is unique from the common “bahay kubo” of the Filipinos. Guyjoco (2017) describes the Ifugao House a “no-nail house” which plays a great role in Pinoy pride. 

 

The Ifugao “Bale” or Native House is said to be the “first pre-fabricated house in the world,” according to renowned anthropologist Otley Beyer. It has been the subject of many scholarly articles as it is considered to be one of the most ingenious and nearly perfect architectural constructs made by man. This type of dwelling does not make use of nails thus it is also called the “No-Nail" house, The house can be dismantled and transferred to another place of choice without destroying any part of it.” 

 

Wow! Aren’t you amazed by that? Well, I am. I am a big fan of Ifugao House by the way. It’s not that I came to know these facts for the very first time, but this information even gives me an early hint as to what I am trying to point out. But we'll get there. It's just too early to conclude our discussion yet, so we need to keep on digging. Please stay with me mates. Let me cover "Bahay Kubo" as well. My apologies to its supporters for the delay. Here’s some information for you:  

 

Since Bahay Kubo is very typical, I will just describe it based on familiarity. Bahay Kubo is a house made of a nipa roof, hence from where the English name “Nipa Hut” was derived, has a steeply pitched roof, open windows, and a “silong” or a space underneath for storage, ventilation, and small livestock. It is constructed using bamboo, wood, and nipa leaves for roof materials with a sustainable design that is inexpensive and can withstand natural disasters. Since it’s made of bamboo, the connections are usually tied up with strong tying materials, which makes it different from the Ifugao House, where they use no-nail joineries. Bahay Kubo is difficult to dismantle, which makes it difficult to transfer to another place. It usually requires a “Bayanihan” or collective effort by the neighborhood. 

Bayanihan

 

In addition, Bahay Kubo has a lot of resemblance to our neighboring Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, etc., and also Kubo was named after the Spanish word Cubo, which means cube, or a square room or space, not to mention its evolution into “Bahay na Bato,” again, another Spanish influence.

 

The Influence of Colonial History 

Bahay na Bato

I already have started mentioning the Spanish influence on "Bahay na Bato", but aside from that, the Spanish also introduced Mediterranean, Roman, Gothic, Baroque, and Neo-classical styles, such as those in the churches, government buildings, and some houses of prominent families. Ironically, the term "ancestral house" nowadays is usually attributed to the old Spanish-influenced houses. But if we should go deeper, I believe the pre-colonial houses deserve accreditation as well.

During the American colonialization, buildings and bridges within the Metropolitan Manila area were modernized. However, the Japanese did not have much influence when it comes to architecture. Perhaps a few buildings, but we couldn’t find a trace nowadays. 

 

The Fusion of Styles: A Unique Identity 

Modern House Design in the Philippines

If we look at the current design trend, we can find architecture in the Philippines as a blend of influences, creating a hybrid identity. This fusion of cultural, historical, and modern elements contributes to a distinctive Filipino architectural style. Modern Filipino architecture combines elements of local tradition and international trends. We have prominent architects like Juan Nakpil, Leandro Locsin, and Francisco Manosa who have contributed to the evolution of Filipino design. 

 

Sustainability and Local Materials 

Amidst the growing trend of sustainable architecture in the Philippines, little did we know that the subject of sustainability is certainly not new. It actually originated way back from the pre-colonial era, and probably even earlier, perhaps to the time when our real ancestors designed and built the Ifugao house. Then, followed by the Bahay Kubo, all of which use local materials like wood, bamboo, and nipa palm to create eco-friendly designs. A prominent Filipino Architect, Francisco Manosa is very well known for reviving the use of local and indigenous materials in his projects. He even took advantage of the versatility of the coconut tree, as his ingenuity is evident in his design of the famous Coconut Palace. Other Indigenous materials available locally are rattan and abaca, which are also very useful in making furniture, and capiz, which is renowned for sliding windows, amongst many others.

 

FINAL THOUGHTS

Filipino Architecture – An ongoing quest for its true identity

Filipino architecture is not a singular, static style but a dynamic, evolving expression of Filipino ingenuity, history, and culture. We could always look at the continuing growth and innovation in Filipino architecture, but we also need to reflect on our past. If our aim is to define the true identity of Filipino Architecture, we need to dig deeper into its history, just like tracing our family roots. For me, I would consider the deepest root starts with the Ifugao House, the Bahay Kubo and other traditional indigenous houses, and so on and so forth. If we could learn the culture of each ethnic group in our society, and find out why and how they came up with their design ideas and carry on with how they evolved throughout the centuries, only then we could clearly unveil the right criterion in determining the true identity of Filipino architecture. 

 

Joey Castaneda

Architect

Link in account for architectural works.

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CITATIONS: 

THE IFUGAO FOLK ARCHITECTURE AND HOUSE CONSTRUCTION, research work from Ifugao State University, Sept 2022 

https://www.scribd.com/document/623139778/IfugaoNativeHouse 

PHOTO ATTRIBUTIONS:

Ifugao House: Ranieljosecastaneda, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Bayanihan: Bonvallite, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Bahay na Bato: Ramon FVelasquez, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Modern House: PaulGorduiz106, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Cover Photo and others: Royalty free photos by Pexel and Pixabay

FREEHAND SKETCHES AND DIGITAL METHOD IN THE DESIGN ARENA

 

I strongly believe that the traditional freehand sketching method in design, especially in architecture, should be treated the same way as how we conserve our own cultural heritage. That would include the way we preserve our ancestral homes as part of our advocacy for sustainability and continuity. The traditional freehand sketching style deserves a place in the heart of every architect who doesn't want the style to simply slip away from our individually gifted hands. - Joey Castaneda 

 

Throughout the years, computer technology (not to mention the emergence of AI) has gradually invaded the world of design. This shift is much like the impact of modern machinery in various industries and crafts, where machine production has replaced handmade methods. Freehand sketches used to be the star of the show for centuries, a fundamental knowledge in architectural design education, even from the generation where I came from (1980’s), yet the tradition has been facing significant challenges due to the appeal of the digital revolution. It has influenced all fields, prompting educational institutions to include relevant study materials in their curriculum. As a result, architectural students are encouraged to adopt these digital tools, making it increasingly challenging to maintain proficiency in traditional sketching techniques amid the rapid and extensive development of design applications.  

 

The question is whether freehand sketches still retain their important position in light of the development of computer applications. Furthermore, can an architect design without the aid of freehand drawing these days? I’ll leave the challenge to you.  

 

OBJECTIVE 

As part of my advocacy for the conservation of cultural heritage, I wrote this blog post. Despite the advancements in technology, I believe that the old-fashioned technique of freehand sketching and rendering should be maintained. However, I believe this fight should begin with us, pioneer architects and educators. We should not let the advancement swallow the tradition and let it totally diminish from the industry. In the fight for cultural preservation, our ancestors won. They took care of it for centuries, and they earned the victory because the evidence is still intact to this date. 

 

DEFINING ASSOCIATED KEYWORDS 

The first thing to do is to identify the subject matter, starting with its keywords and their definitions. I referred to some useful vocabulary references to find the easiest non-technical definitions. 

 

FIRSTLY, what is design? Wikipedia says, "A design is the concept of or proposal for an object, process, or system. The word design refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, and is sometimes used to refer to the inherent nature of something – its design." Sounds like a great definition, but way too technical for my readers. So anyway, since I love my readers, I decided to take a look at how educators define it. I went to research work done by a university faculty member of Mattaria-Helwan University in the mid-east region, Ehab Nasr (see citations). According to Nasr, "Design is a creative process which brings an idea to reality." Wow! That was so simple and direct to the point. So, I think let’s just stick to the professor's definitions. 

 

Our next keyword is "freehand sketching." Freehand sketches are a translation or expression of one's thought within an understandable and intelligible frame."  

 

Lastly is "digital architecture." The digital architecture is a new type of architectural engineering produced by digital technologies and accompanied by an emerging new approach in the forms and functions. The digital architecture uses the computer models, simulation, programming and images for creating the material architectural model. 

 

 

A BRIEF HISTORY OF FREEHAND DRAWING 

According to a research work entitled Asia and Middle East Freehand Drawing and Architectural Expression by Hanif Budiman, Ibrahim Numan, Noor Cholis Idham (see citation): 

“Drawing is a fundamental form of human expression. Prehistoric drawings depicting aspects of early societies, such as hunting scenes, have been found in caves in southern Europe (Moran, 2013). Humans used drawing as a way of expressing their existence. The other earliest type of drawing was also found on the walls of caves in India, China, Australia, South America, even in Celebes in Indonesia. The drawing produced by Neolithic times were eventually stylized and simplified into symbol systems (proto-writing) and eventually into early writing systems. The development of the drawing is founded in early civilizations such as in the Indus valley and Egypt. This idea is a picture symbol or pictogram, a symbol pattern that has been arranged as a communication language with a certain pattern that implies a certain purpose.” 

 

In other words, drawing originated from the prehistoric writings of our ancestors. Therefore, drawing started as a means of communication and endures up to this time when we perform drawing, regardless of whether it is freehand or digital, in communicating with our clients as part of the planning and design process. 

 

THE ROLE OF FREEHAND SKETCHING IN THE DESIGN PROCESS 

It would be very straightforward to say that freehand sketching is still essential in the process of architectural planning and design. We cannot deny that not even the design trend, or technological advancement to the extent of the introduction of AI, could eliminate the use of the freehand sketch method. Before we can finalize the design using the digital method, it should always begin with the conceptualization and analysis stage which is best and quickly done by applying freehand sketching. For a detailed example of the process, I refer to a figure below taken from Mattaria–Helwan University research work by Ehab Nasr (see citation): 

 

THE IMPORTANCE OF FREEHAND SKETCHES 

Not only in architecture, but even in other fields of art such as traditional painting, artists always ought to begin by sketching the draft before the paintbrush touches the canvas. That’s where we can see the importance. In a discussion of this topic, a like-minded friend encouraged that if we push to keep the artistic side alive rather than letting the focus be purely on efficiency, maybe we can shift the trend. I kind of agree with this; just like the seafarers, I guess we really should shift the stirring wheel to reach our target destination.

For digital artists, it's a relief to know about the invention of drawing tablets where they could apply freehand sketching through a digital pen using the application software. This is a good example of a mixed design method. Architects performing conceptual planning could make use of this combined method that maintains the application of artistic skills and digital technology simultaneously. Therefore, finished products are both aesthetically and efficiently designed. 

 

USES OF FREEHAND SKETCHES IN DESIGN 

Based on the outline in Nasr’s research, the following are the uses of freehand sketches: 

A. Thinking tool: It is a means for generating, conceiving, putting forth and testing the ideas (visual - inspiration process development - design ideas crystallization - imagining - noticing).  

B. Communication tool: Freehand sketches are means of communication between the architect and himself, the architect, work team, the professor and architectural student. It is a means of dialogue between the architect and the project owner as an abstract language on understanding and communication between the parties of the design process.  

C. Interpretation, analysis and comparison tool: It helps in making the vision and interpretation of the design problems and its solutions and comparing between alternatives for choosing the best. 

D. Expression of innovation: The individual expression of the initial idea and it is also means of the innovating process; expression of an idea whether Interpreting, explaining, visual, recording the mental impressions.  

E. Exploration and development tool: Whereas it is used as means of exploring the design problems and finding out many solutions to it. It also helps the architect to explore and understand the design form and helps in developing the ideas for reaching the final thought.  

F. Documentation tool: It is used in coordination between the eye and hand to be a mean through which the images can be imported, documented and helps also in the historical documentation. 

 

DIGITAL APPLICATION USES IN DESIGN PROCESS 

The uses of digital application in the design process include:  

• Data Collection& Analysis.  
• Conceptual Design Preparation.  
• Idea Development.  
• Computer Aided Design& Presentation (2D& 3D).  
• Simulation.  
• Digital and Physical Building Model (Generation of architectural forms)  
• Remote Collaboration.  
• Virtual Reality. 

Putting together all the information derived from Nasr's work represents the importance of freehand sketching in the design process to the extent that it can encourage architects to prevent the gradual diminution of sketching in the workplace. Instead, it should be integrated with digital methods and treated as design components working together in a system that is aimed to create aesthetic, yet efficient work of art. 

 

CONCLUSION 

I would not elaborate this topic much in this blog since I want to turn this into an interesting mini-series I have in mind. I figured out that this subject could not be discussed in one sitting only and I believe the information I have shared so far would be good enough so you may understand the overview of my objective. It is the cultural identity and the sense of originality of the architect or an artist that I want to emphasize and preserve in this endeavor. The bottom line is that we should stop arguing about which one is best. Let's discuss this with a sense of balance.

In the next episodes, we can expect AI to enter the arena. Oh well, let's just welcome it, but I believe we should not let it dominate the show. Instead, let us use our own creativity and use AI as a modern tool only that we have full control of. Use it to enhance our own ingenuity, nothing more, nothing less. So what do you think? Come, join me in this journey... 

JOEY CASTANEDA, Architect

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

CITATIONS:

Excerpts and photos of research documents submitted by the following authors to https://www.academia.edu/

• Ehab Nasr Elden Ahamed Mohamed, THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE ON FREEHAND SKETCHES THROUGH DESIGN PROCESS, Department of Architectural – Faculty of Engineering Mattaria – Helwan University – Cairo – Egypt. Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 19 (1), 49-60 (2014)

• Hanif Budiman, Ibrahim Numan, Noor, Cholis Idham, Freehand Drawing and Architectural Expression; 1 Architecture Department, Faculty of Architecture And Design, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Istanbul 2 Architecture Department, Faculty of Architecture And Design, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Istanbul, 3 Architecture Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering And Planning, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH AND DESIGN STUDIES 

• Other photos taken from Pixabay and Pexel websites

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KITCHEN INTERIOR DESIGN TRENDS FOR 2025

"Nothing is more important than ever to feel relaxed at home after a long day at work and be connected in the kitchen. That feeling would always give us the urge to think about placing our kitchen at the top of the list, whenever we plan for any upgrade or renovation in the house. Yet given the constant introduction of new equipment, design concepts, and finishes, you might be wondering which kitchen design trends will endure. So, what's worth investing in? And what are the items should you discard?" - Joey Castaneda, Architect

My involvement in food manufacturing projects earlier in my architectural career motivated me to compile these kitchen design trends. Aside from the design of huge food processing plants, I was also involved in the design of model kitchens for food outlets located in some shopping malls and other commercial establishments to promote a food based franchise business.

In my observation, the momentum started by recent trends, which included a focus on storage, accents with a natural theme, and modernized technology in fixtures, appliances, and lighting, is continuing up to last year. The simple luxury of organic style is complemented by recent kitchen designs, while improved utility is the primary objective of updates and renovations. With these seven kitchen design trends, you can make your kitchen function the way you want it to while also adding flair and substance that will last for years.

Here are seven kitchen design trends you may adapt for your homes this year:

1. Smart Kitchen

Appliances are becoming smarter nowadays. Technology advancements are no longer just for sound systems and media rooms; they are also making significant strides in the kitchen. The integrated smart-technology alternatives and systems that support end users' lifestyles have been revolutionary and appear to develop daily. Today, you may find technology incorporated into the majority of kitchen appliances and equipment. Same thing also applies with kitchen components from basic touch-closing cabinets to smart faucets that can be operated by your smart phones. The luxury kitchen design trend is truly moving toward smart kitchens. Experts point out that most clients are spending more time at home; they want their kitchens to simplify their day-to-day activities. You might be worrying this option is expensive and belongs to the elites. The good news is that, not anymore. As technology advances, older versions are still in the market and eventually become more affordable. Keep searching and you will find one that might suit your budget.

Another related factor is the energy efficiency of the equipment. Due to the increasing energy cost nowadays, this matter has been given the most attention whenever homeowners plan to do kitchen makeovers or extensions. However, this usually falls under the functional category, rather than aesthetical. Moreover, kitchen equipment manufacturers nowadays go with the design trend too, and even fashionable to the extent of blending, if not exactly matching, with specific color themes.

Just like automobiles, kitchen appliances nowadays are getting eco-friendly. But further than that, buyers nowadays are considering more factors such as ESG or Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance. This goes along with the Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs. These must be new to your ears, but I believe there are some few enthusiasts who are already aware and conscious about these factors when buying products. Nevertheless, I am not an energy person, though I have concern with environment, but these are not my expertise, so I would not go any deeper into the subject matter. My main goal is to provide you with some useful design pointers, hoping the items I have compiled would somehow bring about valuable thoughts on your decision making whenever you think about a kitchen make-over or incorporating some of them, if not all, in building your new homes. Well, you may want to apply these ideas in other parts of the house too. Why not?

2. Natural Wood Tones

There is no doubt that natural wood is still a material of choice for most clients and home experts. Wood helps to provide organic vibes and natural accent to the kitchen by connecting it to the outside environment. However, the trend does not actually allow the material to dominate the arena. To maintain a contemporary touch, wooden surfaces blend along with granite working countertops.

3. Glass Cabinet Doors

We just could not hide the fact that we always lusted for the elegance of glass in every part of the house, office or building facades. Have you noticed lately that not only the dining or terraces are equipped with glass doors? Wooden or plain kitchen cabinets nowadays are being combined with a couple of glass doors, mostly frosted type, regardless of function, whether decorative or storage.

4. Mirror Splash Backs

My earlier career dictates the now called traditional design trend when we used to specify the same materials for the countertop and the wall. However, you yourselves would notice some new kitchens today with separate material for the horizontal and vertical surface. And to take note, glasses or mirrors are now the higher end choice for the wall which adds elegance and extended kitchen appearance. To add a few, it also adds extra mirror function for the end user, some would enjoy such ambiance while working in the kitchen, or simply just pouring out drink or having a quick snack. Of course, this type of idea should be categorized into the personalized option. They still could go for other materials or colors of their choice, depending on their personality, as long as it is compatible without compromising designer’s recommendations. Some would consider the cost of the material, which is somewhat practical for both sides.

5. Bold Lighting

Kitchens nowadays are drastically stealing the entertainment limelight at home and becoming an instant rock star, a title traditionally owned by the living or dining rooms. Of course, in every entertainment event, the star of the show always earns the brightest and most sophisticated lighting. That is why from the dim lighting trend during my younger days, pendant lighting is the best choice today.                                                                                                                                                                 

This revolution was brought about by the recent lifestyle trend which turns cooking as a good way to entertain guests, where homeowners are able to show-off their talents, rather than sitting down in the living room watching TV. Of course, the role of the designers is to adjust with such lifestyle change in order to stay in tune. To create interest, interior designers usually play with the size of the lighting fixtures, up to the extent of recommending industrial-style options, that breaks up the lines and create vibrant silhouettes. This works well with clients who don’t just think about a facelift, but also considering a slight expansion of the kitchen area.

6. Stand out Taps

Another design trend that is becoming more popular these days is the use of stand-out taps. The increasing demand makes manufacturers produce a selection of finishes such as silver, brass and the standard chrome. But the black and white ones are eventually becoming the mainstream in the market. New kitchens without stand out taps couldn’t really represent the title “new kitchen” at all. So whether you do the purchasing yourself or your contractor does it for you, make sure you add one in your shopping cart. You may want to consider this model.

7. Kitchen Plants

Another way of bringing the outside in is putting plants on the vacant spaces or shelves in kitchens, dining and even the living area. Besides filtering the air naturally and enhancing our mood, house plants are not just a trend considering its long-lasting popularity. Not to mention its never-ending blend with wooden finishes or furniture pieces.

FINAL THOUGHTS:

Considering all the above-mentioned design trends, there is one characteristic of modern kitchen that applies to all. It's none other than a "minimalist kitchen." Our cover photo above and the picture below represent as a good examples.

Planning a renovation or not, I would greatly advise that you always love your kitchen. Remember that this is a space that brings the whole family together and at the same time will help you entertain guests. If ever you want to push through with the plan, whether you decide to go with the trend or just your heart, have fun with it. Make sure it addresses your needs, and keep in mind that even though remodeling process might be so tedious and occasionally exhausting, it will be worth it in the end.

Joey Castaneda

Architect/Artist

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