BOHO STYLE MEETS SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE: Designing Eco-Friendly and Free-Spirited Spaces | Architalktural

 

Boho Style Living Room

BOHO STYLE MEETS SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE: Designing Eco-Friendly and Free-Spirited Spaces

When envisioning boho-style architecture, many people picture vibrant textiles, eclectic furniture, aesthetic colors, and lush indoor greenery—all elements that exude a free-spirited and artistic charm. In contrast, sustainable architecture often brings to mind eco-friendly materials, energy efficiency, and a commitment to protecting our planet. At first glance, these two concepts may appear to be worlds apart: one rooted in aesthetic expression and lifestyle, the other centered on environmental ethics. However, a closer inspection reveals that boho style and sustainability are not only compatible but also beautifully interconnected, creating spaces that are both visually stunning and environmentally responsible.

OBJECTIVE

In today's environmentally conscious world, a new trend is emerging within the world of architectural design – the “sustainable bohemian design.” This approach blends the traditional bohemian spirit with a strong commitment to eco-friendly practices, ethical sourcing, and mindful consumption. If you're attracted to the charm of bohemian design but want your home to reflect your values, “sustainable bohemian interior design” provides a unique and fulfilling option. Having explored various architectural styles, I find that "Boho" or "Bohemian" style aligns closely with "sustainable architecture." This is due to the incorporation of key architectural elements that promote a sustainable lifestyle for the building's occupants.

In this blog, I will discuss the key elements of Boho design to enhance your awareness and reading enjoyment. Discover how Boho style architecture aligns with sustainable design principles. Learn how natural materials, upcycling, and a love for nature make bohemian-inspired spaces both eco-friendly and timeless.

BOHO STYLE DESIGN DEFINED IN GENERAL TERMS AND A LITTLE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

I tried to look for the term boho or bohemian style architecture on Wikipedia.com, for our definition, but they only have it in general terms, mostly referring to fashion and lifestyle. However, according to them, the Bohemian style, often referred to as 'Boho chic,' is a fashion and lifestyle choice characterized by its unconventional and free-spirited essence. While its exact origins are debated, Bohemian style is believed to have been influenced by the nomadic lifestyle of the Romani people from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. The term 'Bohemian' itself comes from the French word 'Bohémien,' which was originally associated with the Roma community due to a historical misconception that they originated from Bohemia, a region in the Czech Republic. Throughout history, Bohemian fashion has undergone significant transformations, reflecting the cultural shifts and influences of each era. 

Today, contemporary Bohemian fashion embraces flowing fabrics, vibrant colors, and natural, woven materials, rather than knitted ones. I believe this definition also applies to architecture and interior design for furniture fabrics, and other elements. This style draws inspiration from various sources, including the counterculture movements of the 1960s and 1970s, reminiscent of the attire worn by attendees of the inaugural Woodstock music festival. The Bohemian style has gained global popularity, appealing to individuals seeking a unique and individualistic approach to fashion and lifestyle. It encourages a sense of freedom and self-expression, often attracting those who prefer to live unconventionally—sometimes in a nomadic manner—and who may choose to reside in colonies or communes, fostering a strong sense of community. 

KEY ELEMENTS OF BOHO STYLE ARCHITECTURE

1. A Love for Natural Materials

Boho design aesthetically incorporates materials such as wood, rattan, bamboo, clay, linen, and wool. These choices not only enhance warmth and texture but also align with sustainable design principles that emphasize the use of renewable, biodegradable, and locally sourced materials. By opting out of synthetic products and mass-produced finishes, both styles champion authenticity and eco-friendly living, inviting you to create a more conscious and inviting space.

Rattan furniture is made of natural material.

2. Upcycling and Reuse as a Lifestyle

Boho style stands out for its unique blend of vintage treasures, repurposed décors, and artisanal creations. This emphasis on items that are “collected over time” perfectly aligns with sustainability's circular philosophy—extending the life of materials and reducing waste. By choosing thrifted furniture, heirlooms, and repurposed pieces, you not only embrace a narrative rich in history but also play a vital role in lessening the demand for new resource extraction. Embrace boho style, and make a positive impact on our planet!

3. A Deep Connection to Nature

Boho interiors thrive on the beauty of indoor plants, earthy tones, and a harmonious layout that cultivates a soothing atmosphere. This aesthetic resonates with the principles of biophilic design in sustainable architecture, which promotes natural light, fresh airflow, and vibrant greenery to enhance the well-being of occupants. By embracing these concepts, we can create spaces that not only uplift and inspire but also reconnect individuals with the tranquility of nature, ultimately leading to healthier and more joyful living environments.

Biophilic Bohemian Style Bedroom

4. Supporting Local Craftsmanship

Embracing handmade textiles, artisanal furniture, and locally sourced décor is vital to achieving the essence of boho design. This not only enhances aesthetic appeal but also supports sustainable architecture by bolstering local economies and cutting down on transportation emissions. By choosing handcrafted pieces over mass-produced items, you not only enrich your space with cultural authenticity but also champion environmental responsibility, making a positive impact on our world.

5. Flexibility and Longevity

Boho style embodies the essence of adaptability, seamlessly combining layers of furniture and décor that evolve over time, telling unique personal stories instead of chasing fleeting trends. Similarly, sustainable architecture champions versatile spaces that adjust to the changing needs of their occupants, effectively reducing waste and the financial burden of constant renovations. Both celebrate longevity and flexibility, making them far superior to disposable, short-term solutions that ultimately undermine our living environments.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Boho style architecture celebrates aesthetic freedom and individuality, while sustainable architecture prioritizes ecological responsibility. However, these two styles share a powerful connection: they both promote authenticity, foster natural connections, and encourage thoughtful living. When combined, they produce spaces that are not only visually captivating but also environmentally considerate—homes that weave narratives while honoring the planet. The vibrant spirit of boho creativity harmonizes seamlessly with sustainable principles, illustrating that design and responsibility can truly thrive together. This fusion invites us to embrace a lifestyle that is both stylish and conscientious, proving that we do not have to compromise on one for the other.

Ar J CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

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CITATIONS AND PHOTO ATTRIBUTIONS:

DEFINITION OF BOHEMIAN STYLE:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_style

Photos are original copyrighted materials owned by Architalktural.

HOW TO DETERMINE HOME FEATURES: Terrace, Balcony, Veranda, Porch, Patio, and Lanai | Architalktural

 

PATIO

HOW TO DETERMINE HOME FEATURES: Terrace, Balcony, Veranda, Porch, Patio, and Lanai

In today's fast-paced world, families are increasingly drawn to a biophilic lifestyle, a refreshing shift from past norms. Regardless of their surroundings, people are craving a connection to nature within their homes. This desire has led to a significant trend in modern architectural design: the seamless integration of plants into interior spaces. With the rise of innovative green building principles, several studies are underway to deepen our ties to nature. Designers and homeowners are recognizing that the most inviting spaces for plants are often the most serene - verandas, balconies, terraces, porches, lanais, and patios serve as perfect canvases for greenery. By embracing these natural elements, we can transform our living environments into harmonious sanctuaries that invigorate and soothe our overall well-being.

OBJECTIVE

The challenge we face is understanding the differences among various architectural elements. How can we guide our clients in deciding which features to include in their floor plans? These are crucial questions I intend to explore in this article. While I've come across several articles on the topic, most only delve into two or three comparisons. My Facebook posts often focus on just one or two subjects, and some audience members have expressed curiosity about “lanai” and “porch,” while I am emphasizing other elements. To address these inquiries, why not take the opportunity to combine all six elements into a thorough comparative analysis? Although I can’t capture everything in a single Facebook post, this extensive blog will provide valuable insights for clients and readers. It will empower them to make informed choices based on their unique needs and preferences, making it an essential read for anyone looking to enhance their living space.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Of course, the best way to approach this is to delve into the definitions first. Here's a simplified definition and images of each of the architectural elements listed: terrace, balcony, veranda, porch, patio, and lanai. These are all outdoor or semi-outdoor living spaces, but they differ in location, structure, coverage, and use.

A ROOFTOP TERRACE

Terrace A flat, open, usually paved area either on the ground or on a rooftop, used for leisure or entertainment. Often attached to a building but can also be freestanding. BALCONY Balcony A small platform projecting from the wall of a building, typically above the ground floor, enclosed by a railing or balustrade, and accessed from an upper floor. VERANDA Veranda A roofed platform within a house, typically found in warmer climates, usually located at ground level, often serves as an extension of the living room, being either partially enclosed or open. PORCH Porch A covered area at the entrance, sides, or back of a house, often enclosed partially or fully, serving as a transition space between indoors and outdoors. PATIO Patio A paved outdoor area adjoined or apart from a house, usually at ground level, used for relaxation or recreation. Typically uncovered. LANAI Lanai A Hawaiian term for a covered outdoor space or porch, often larger than a veranda, and may be fully or partially enclosed with screens or windows.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS TABLE

Feature	Terrace	Balcony	Veranda	Porch	Patio	Lanai
Location	Ground level or rooftop	Upper floor, projecting	Ground level, along front/back	At the entrance, sides, or back	Ground level, adjoining	Ground level, attached to the home
Covered?	Optional	Sometimes	Usually covered	Always covered	Usually not covered	Usually covered, sometimes enclosed
Enclosed?	No	Yes (with railing)	Partially or open.	Partially or fully	No	Often screened or glass-enclosed
Size	Medium to large	Small	Medium to large	Small to medium	Medium to large	Medium to large
Accessed from	Indoors or outdoors	Upper-floor room	Ground-floor room	Main front door, sides or back	Indoors or outdoors	Indoors (living room/kitchen)
Purpose	Entertainment, lounging	Private sitting/view	Socializing, relaxing	Entryway greeting space, relaxing	Relaxing, recreation	Leisure, dining, indoor-outdoor living
Climate Use	All climates	All climates	Warm climates	All climates	All climates	Tropical or warm climates

KEY DIFFERENCES

• Balcony vs. Terrace: Balcony is elevated and projecting, while a terrace is flat and can be at ground or rooftop level.

• Porch vs. Veranda: Both are covered and at ground level, but a veranda typically at one side of a building, while a porch is at the front or back entrance.

• Veranda vs. Lanai: A lanai is a regional variant (Hawaiian) of a veranda, often more enclosed and used year-round; while a veranda frequently used occasionally.

• Patio vs. Terrace: A patio is at ground level and usually uncovered, while a terrace may be elevated or roof-based and is often larger.

• Lanai vs. Patio: A lanai is typically covered and possibly enclosed, while a patio is open-air and rarely enclosed.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Now that we have reached a verdict, it is a privilege for you to form your own judgment. What are your personal needs? What is your lifestyle like? Then, make your selection. As an architect, I prioritize human connection over technology to truly understand my clients' needs. I encourage my clients to make their choices first, after which my role is to advise them on whether their choice is the best one or to suggest a better alternative based on my expertise. Regardless of the choice made, the designer’s primary concern will always be the client’s comfort and satisfaction for a lasting, sustainable living experience.

Ar J CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

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PHOTO ATTRIBUTIONS

ALL PHOTOS POSTED IN THIS ARTICLE ARE ORIGINAL IMAGES BY "ARCHITALKTURAL" AND ARE COPYRIGHTED.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PROCESS MADE TO LAST – Making Things Right | Architalktural

 

Creating enduring architecture goes beyond just aesthetic appeal; it emphasizes the design of spaces that are efficient, durable, and environmentally responsible. The "Sustainable Design Process Made to Last" is a systematic approach that harmonizes creativity, purpose, and sustainability. This approach ensures that the built environment contributes positively to our legacy.

OBJECTIVE

In my observation, the architectural curriculum during my generation is more focused on aesthetics and architectural styles, which was derived mainly from the historical aspect of design. There was a tandem of principles (Form and Function) that was even the subject of debates instead of integrating them into a common goal. The rest of the curriculum were based on the technical aspect. And so I started with my career applying those principles, until I was assigned to work in industrial facilities dealing with building utilities where I learned about finding sustainable solutions to keep the building occupants comfortable and satisfied. From there I developed a design process that I tend to practice privately, and it lasted for almost throughout my architectural career with lasting results. My objective in this blog is to share it with anyone who may find it valuable. Although, I suggest trying it out for a certain period first, to see its effectiveness before deciding to embrace it. This process is somehow very flexible and I don’t remember that it created any conflict with the management policies wherever I worked for. In fact, it was one of the main reasons companies wanted to retain me and offered me certain incentives. They appreciated the responsible approach it brought to my work, which always focused on sustainable solutions in the design process. Below is a step-by-step description of the procedure I want to share with you.

AN EFFECTIVE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PROCESS:

1. Define Your Project Goals

Every effective design begins with clarity. Start by defining your project's core objectives, which include function, budget, style, and timeline. In today’s world, a durable design also requires an understanding of its environmental impact. Will it reduce energy consumption? Enhance occupant well-being? Promote long-term cost savings? Incorporating sustainability goals at this initial stage sets the groundwork for smarter, greener choices in the future.

2. Consider Design Options

Once goals are established, brainstorm and evaluate different design directions. This stage encourages creativity, but it must be grounded in context. Consider various strategies that align with local climate, building codes, community needs, and environmental performance. For green buildings, this includes exploring options like natural lighting, passive ventilation, rainwater collection, and low-carbon materials. Utilize tools such as life cycle assessments (LCAs) or energy models to forecast the environmental impact of each option.

3. Develop Design Schemes

At this stage, initial ideas are transformed into concrete plans. These refined conceptual designs illustrate space layouts, forms, material selections, and system integrations. Taking a sustainable approach involves using eco-friendly materials, enhancing energy efficiency, and designing for adaptability. It's important to test design schemes for thermal performance, daylight access, and airflow, all while integrating nature and technology to create a resilient design solution.

4. Make Things Right

This phase is where sustainability truly comes to life. “Make things right” is more than just fixing mistakes, it's about aligning your design with ethical, environmental, and future-ready principles.

What it means in a green building context:

• Right Materials: Choose materials that are locally sourced, non-toxic, recyclable, and low in embodied carbon. Think bamboo, recycled steel, or FSC-certified wood.

• Right Systems: Design mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems that reduce resource consumption. Install solar panels, low-flow plumbing fixtures, and energy-efficient HVAC systems.

• Right Strategies: Incorporate green strategies like biophilic design (connecting people with nature), green roofs, rain gardens, and water reuse systems. Use passive solar design to maximize energy savings.

• Right Behavior: Encourage sustainability through user-friendly, intuitive design. Clear signage for waste sorting, operable windows for natural ventilation, and visible green features create awareness and foster long-term sustainable habits.

This is the stage where architects collaborate with sustainability consultants, engineers, and even end-users to ensure that the design performs not just today, but over decades. Certifications like LEED, BERDE (Philippines), or WELL can guide the process and act as benchmarks for success.

5. Finalize Your Design Concept

With all aspects aligned - goals, options, and sustainability features, it’s now time to combine the best elements into a final, cohesive design. This design should not only function well on paper but also excel in real-world applications. At this stage, creating detailed drawings and models will help prepare for construction, ensuring that your vision is both practical and environmentally friendly.

FINAL THOUGHTS

“Making things right” means designing with intention, where beauty meets responsibility, and function meets the future. Designing long lasting green buildings requires a process that transcends trends. However, even with aesthetics in mind, by embedding sustainability into each step, especially when it's time to "make things right", we create architecture that serves people, protects the planet, and enriches the future.

Ar J CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

REFERENCE DISCLAIMER:

Blog contents are all based on the combination of the author's education and work experiences. The author as a professional architect made a diversification to the standard procedures he was performing at work, applied it and found effective and brought success throughout his entire career. He is sharing this as an example for inspirational purposes and not a standard procedure. 

Photo Attributions:

All photos from shared website, Pixabay.com

FREEHAND SKETCHES AND DIGITAL METHOD IN THE DESIGN ARENA (PART 1) | Architalktural

 

FREEHAND SKETCHES AND DIGITAL METHOD IN THE DESIGN ARENA (PART 1)

I strongly believe that the traditional freehand sketching method in design, especially in architecture, should be treated the same way as how we conserve our own cultural heritage. That would include the way we preserve our ancestral homes as part of our advocacy for sustainability and continuity. The traditional freehand sketching style deserves a place in the heart of every architect who doesn't want the style to simply slip away from our individually gifted hands. - Joey Castaneda 

 

Throughout the years, computer technology (not to mention the emergence of AI) has gradually invaded the world of design. This shift is much like the impact of modern machinery in various industries and crafts, where machine production has replaced handmade methods. Freehand sketches used to be the star of the show for centuries, a fundamental knowledge in architectural design education, even from the generation where I came from (1980’s), yet the tradition has been facing significant challenges due to the appeal of the digital revolution. It has influenced all fields, prompting educational institutions to include relevant study materials in their curriculum. As a result, architectural students are encouraged to adopt these digital tools, making it increasingly challenging to maintain proficiency in traditional sketching techniques amid the rapid and extensive development of design applications.  

 

The question is whether freehand sketches still retain their important position in light of the development of computer applications. Furthermore, can an architect design without the aid of freehand drawing these days? I’ll leave the challenge to you.  

 

OBJECTIVE 

As part of my advocacy for the conservation of cultural heritage, I wrote this blog post. Despite the advancements in technology, I believe that the old-fashioned technique of freehand sketching and rendering should be maintained. However, I believe this fight should begin with us, pioneer architects and educators. We should not let the advancement swallow the tradition and let it totally diminish from the industry. In the fight for cultural preservation, our ancestors won. They took care of it for centuries, and they earned the victory because the evidence is still intact to this date. 

 

DEFINING ASSOCIATED KEYWORDS 

The first thing to do is to identify the subject matter, starting with its keywords and their definitions. I referred to some useful vocabulary references to find the easiest non-technical definitions. 

 

FIRSTLY, what is design? Wikipedia says, "A design is the concept of or proposal for an object, process, or system. The word design refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, and is sometimes used to refer to the inherent nature of something – its design." Sounds like a great definition, but way too technical for my readers. So anyway, since I love my readers, I decided to take a look at how educators define it. I went to research work done by a university faculty member of Mattaria-Helwan University in the mid-east region, Ehab Nasr (see citations). According to Nasr, "Design is a creative process which brings an idea to reality." Wow! That was so simple and direct to the point. So, I think let’s just stick to the professor's definitions. 

 

Our next keyword is "freehand sketching." - "Freehand sketches are a translation or expression of one's thought within an understandable and intelligible frame."  

 

Lastly is "digital architecture." - "The digital architecture is a new type of architectural engineering produced by digital technologies and accompanied by an emerging new approach in the forms and functions. The digital architecture uses the computer models, simulation, programming and images for creating the material architectural model."

 

 

A BRIEF HISTORY OF FREEHAND DRAWING 

According to a research work entitled Asia and Middle East Freehand Drawing and Architectural Expression by Hanif Budiman, Ibrahim Numan, Noor Cholis Idham (see citation): 

“Drawing is a fundamental form of human expression. Prehistoric drawings depicting aspects of early societies, such as hunting scenes, have been found in caves in southern Europe (Moran, 2013). Humans used drawing as a way of expressing their existence. The other earliest type of drawing was also found on the walls of caves in India, China, Australia, South America, even in Celebes in Indonesia. The drawing produced by Neolithic times were eventually stylized and simplified into symbol systems (proto-writing) and eventually into early writing systems. The development of the drawing is founded in early civilizations such as in the Indus valley and Egypt. This idea is a picture symbol or pictogram, a symbol pattern that has been arranged as a communication language with a certain pattern that implies a certain purpose.” 

 

In other words, drawing originated from the prehistoric writings of our ancestors. Therefore, drawing started as a means of communication and endures up to this time when we perform drawing, regardless of whether it is freehand or digital, in communicating with our clients as part of the planning and design process. 

 

THE ROLE OF FREEHAND SKETCHING IN THE DESIGN PROCESS 

It would be very straightforward to say that freehand sketching is still essential in the process of architectural planning and design. We cannot deny that not even the design trend, or technological advancement to the extent of the introduction of AI, could eliminate the use of the freehand sketch method. Before we can finalize the design using the digital method, it should always begin with the conceptualization and analysis stage which is best and quickly done by applying freehand sketching. For a detailed example of the process, I refer to a figure below taken from Mattaria–Helwan University research work by Ehab Nasr (see citation): 

 

THE IMPORTANCE OF FREEHAND SKETCHES 

Not only in architecture, but even in other fields of art such as traditional painting, artists always ought to begin by sketching the draft before the paintbrush touches the canvas. That’s where we can see the importance. In a discussion of this topic, a like-minded friend encouraged that if we push to keep the artistic side alive rather than letting the focus be purely on efficiency, maybe we can shift the trend. I kind of agree with this; just like the seafarers, I guess we really should shift the stirring wheel to reach our target destination.

For digital artists, it's a relief to know about the invention of drawing tablets where they could apply freehand sketching through a digital pen using the application software. This is a good example of a mixed design method. Architects performing conceptual planning could make use of this combined method that maintains the application of artistic skills and digital technology simultaneously. Therefore, finished products are both aesthetically and efficiently designed. 

 

USES OF FREEHAND SKETCHES IN DESIGN 

Based on the outline in Nasr’s research, the following are the uses of freehand sketches: 

A. Thinking tool: It is a means for generating, conceiving, putting forth and testing the ideas (visual - inspiration process development - design ideas crystallization - imagining - noticing).  

B. Communication tool: Freehand sketches are means of communication between the architect and himself, the architect, work team, the professor and architectural student. It is a means of dialogue between the architect and the project owner as an abstract language on understanding and communication between the parties of the design process.  

C. Interpretation, analysis and comparison tool: It helps in making the vision and interpretation of the design problems and its solutions and comparing between alternatives for choosing the best. 

D. Expression of innovation: The individual expression of the initial idea and it is also means of the innovating process; expression of an idea whether Interpreting, explaining, visual, recording the mental impressions.  

E. Exploration and development tool: Whereas it is used as means of exploring the design problems and finding out many solutions to it. It also helps the architect to explore and understand the design form and helps in developing the ideas for reaching the final thought.  

F. Documentation tool: It is used in coordination between the eye and hand to be a mean through which the images can be imported, documented and helps also in the historical documentation. 

 

DIGITAL APPLICATION USES IN DESIGN PROCESS 

The uses of digital application in the design process include:  

• Data Collection& Analysis.  
• Conceptual Design Preparation.  
• Idea Development.  
• Computer Aided Design& Presentation (2D& 3D).  
• Simulation.  
• Digital and Physical Building Model (Generation of architectural forms)  
• Remote Collaboration.  
• Virtual Reality. 

Putting together all the information derived from Nasr's work represents the importance of freehand sketching in the design process to the extent that it can encourage architects to prevent the gradual diminution of sketching in the workplace. Instead, it should be integrated with digital methods and treated as design components working together in a system that is aimed to create aesthetic, yet efficient work of art. 

 

FINAL THOUGHTS

I would not elaborate this topic much in this blog since I want to turn this into an interesting mini-series I have in mind. I figured out that this subject could not be discussed in one sitting only and I believe the information I have shared so far would be good enough so you may understand the overview of my objective. It is the cultural identity and the sense of originality of the architect or an artist that I want to emphasize and preserve in this endeavor. The bottom line is that we should stop arguing about which one is best. Let's discuss this with a sense of balance.

In the next episodes, we can expect AI to enter the arena. Oh well, let's just welcome it, but I believe we should not let it dominate the show. Instead, let us use our own creativity and use AI as a modern tool only that we have full control of. Use it to enhance our own ingenuity, nothing more, nothing less. So what do you think? Come, join me in this journey... 

JOEY CASTANEDA, Architect

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

CITATIONS:

Excerpts and photos of research documents submitted by the following authors to https://www.academia.edu/

• Ehab Nasr Elden Ahamed Mohamed, THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE ON FREEHAND SKETCHES THROUGH DESIGN PROCESS, Department of Architectural – Faculty of Engineering Mattaria – Helwan University – Cairo – Egypt. Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 19 (1), 49-60 (2014)

• Hanif Budiman, Ibrahim Numan, Noor, Cholis Idham, Freehand Drawing and Architectural Expression; 1 Architecture Department, Faculty of Architecture And Design, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Istanbul 2 Architecture Department, Faculty of Architecture And Design, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Istanbul, 3 Architecture Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering And Planning, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH AND DESIGN STUDIES 

• Other photos taken from Pixabay and Pexel websites

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