THE THREE PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY AND THEIR ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

Bullitt Center, Seattle

Sustainability has become a crucial challenge and aspiration for today’s society, particularly in architecture and urban design. At its heart, sustainability means addressing the needs of the present while ensuring that future generations can also thrive. This vital principle is underpinned by the "Three Pillars of Sustainability": environmental, social, and economic aspects. Embracing and weaving together these three dimensions is essential for fostering resilient, responsible, and progressive architectural practices that will shape a better future for all.

DIAGRAM 1:  Three Pillars of Sustainability

THE THREE PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY (GENERAL OVERVIEW)

1. Environmental Sustainability (Ecological)

Environmental sustainability involves the preservation and responsible management of our natural ecosystems and resources. We must recognize the importance of minimizing our impact on the planet by actively reducing pollution, conserving biodiversity, and using resources wisely. By doing so, we can ensure that our natural environments continue to thrive and provide the vital ecosystem services that all life depends on. Adopting practices such as promoting renewable energy, cutting greenhouse gas emissions, protecting our natural habitats, and focusing on waste reduction can make a significant difference. Embracing environmental sustainability is not just an option; it is essential for securing the long-term health and future of our planet for generations to come.

2. Social Sustainability

Social sustainability is vital for ensuring the well-being of both current and future generations. It embodies essential values such as equity, inclusion, health, safety, and community development. A truly socially sustainable society guarantees access to vital services, strengthens social bonds, and empowers individuals and communities to flourish. Recognizing the integral role of social systems in overall sustainability, we must advocate for fair policies, respect for diverse cultures, and inclusive governance. By championing practices like inclusive urban planning, fair labor standards, accessible healthcare and education, and the celebration of cultural diversity, we lay the foundation for a thriving society that benefits everyone.

3. Economic Sustainability

Economic sustainability is essential for ensuring that our economic systems can thrive over the long term while effectively managing resources. It strikes a crucial balance between financial viability and the well-being of our environment and society. By fostering an economically sustainable society, we embrace innovation, enhance efficiency, and build resilience, all while steering clear of practices that jeopardize our financial future or exhaust our natural resources. Effective strategies, such as adopting sustainable business models, creating circular economies, and investing in green technologies, will pave the way for a prosperous future. By prioritizing economic sustainability, we can guarantee that our development not only endures but also uplifts both ecological health and human dignity for generations to come.

III. The Three Pillars in Sustainable Architecture

1. Environmental Sustainability in Architecture

Environmental sustainability in architecture is not just a trend; it’s a necessity for our planet’s future. Designing buildings that minimize ecological footprints and foster a connection with nature is crucial. By carefully selecting sustainable materials and employing energy-efficient technologies, architects can create spaces that harmonize with the environment. Incorporating passive design strategies, such as natural ventilation, daylighting, and thermal mass, further enhances a building’s performance. By adding renewable energy systems, green roofs, rainwater harvesting, and innovative waste management solutions, architects can ensure their projects are truly sustainable. The Bullitt Center in Seattle (Please see cover photo) stands as a striking example of this commitment, often hailed as the "greenest commercial building in the world," showcasing systems that achieve net-zero energy, water, and waste. Embracing these design principles will lead us to a more sustainable and thriving future.

2. Social Sustainability in Architecture

Social sustainability in architecture is essential for creating spaces that not only serve their functions but also enrich our communities. By designing environments that are accessible to everyone, regardless of age, ability, or background, we can foster a sense of belonging and connection. Emphasizing communal spaces encourages social interactions, while prioritizing health and safety ensures the well-being of all users. Projects like Maggie's Centres in the UK showcase the power of socially sustainable architecture, providing compassionate environments for cancer care that uplift patients through thoughtful, human-centered design. These centers harness the benefits of natural light, open spaces, and supportive environments, transforming the experience of care into one that promotes healing and hope.

Maggie's Centre, Carring Cross, London

Roof Garden of Maggie's Centre, London

3. Economic Sustainability in Architecture

Economic sustainability in architecture is crucial for creating buildings that not only meet our needs today but also remain cost-effective over their entire life cycle. By considering factors such as initial construction costs alongside long-term operational expenses, maintenance, and adaptability, we can ensure a smart investment. Key strategies include utilizing durable, low-maintenance materials, designing for energy efficiency, and adopting modular or prefabricated construction methods to significantly reduce waste and costs. A shining example is the BedZED (Beddington Zero Energy Development) in London, which showcases the power of energy-saving materials and renewable energy sources in a design that minimizes environmental impact while ensuring economic feasibility. Embracing these principles is essential for a sustainable future in architecture.

BedZED, London

FINAL THOUGHTS

The three pillars of sustainability—environmental, social, and economic—are intricately linked and crucial to the success of sustainable architecture. For architecture professionals and students alike, embracing these principles in every phase of design and construction is not just an obligation; it's an exciting opportunity. By committing to a holistic approach that harmonizes these pillars, architects can lead the charge in creating built environments that are not only functional and visually stunning but also fair, resilient, and sustainable for generations yet to come. Let's shape a better future together!

Joey Castaneda

Sustainable Architect

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

Recommended references for your further studies:

• World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our Common Future (The Brundtland Report).

• The Bullitt Center. (https://bullittcenter.org/)

• Maggie's Centres. (https://www.maggies.org/)

• Bioregional & BedZED. (https://www.bioregional.com/bedzed)

• United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. (https://sdgs.un.org/goals)

Photo Attributions:

Venn Diagram of the 3 Sustainability Pillars: Andrew, Sunray, based on "File:Sustainable development.svg" by Johann Dréo, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Maggie’s Centre: David Hawgood / Maggie's Centre London at Charing Cross Hospital

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maggie%27s_Centre,_Charing_Cross,_London.jpg

Maggie’s Centre: David Hawgood / Roof garden of Maggie's Centre London

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roof_garden_of_Maggie%27s_Centre_London.jpg

BedZED: Tom Chance, CC BY 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BedZED_2007.jpg

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM, a complete guide

What is a Rainwater Harvesting System (RHS)?

A rainwater harvesting system is the process or technology that enables houses and buildings to A gather and store rainwater for occupants’ domestic use. Good example ranges from simple rain barrels to more complex constructions with pumps, tanks, and purifying systems to produce potable water.

General Purpose of Harvesting Rainwater

DOMESTIC USE 

In addition to rainwater being able to be purified for human consumption, the non-potable water can be utilized for car washes, laundry, toilet flushing, and landscape irrigation. 

HELPING THE COMMUNITY

Due to water shortage becoming a major issue in many densely populated locations, rainwater harvesting systems can provide homes and businesses with water during dry seasons, thereby reducing the demand on the municipal level. 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Rainwater harvesting is an important component of sustainable development as a whole. Encouraging the wise use of water resources and minimizing the environmental impact of human activity, it is consistent with the ideas of sustainable living. 

USES OF HARVESTED NON-POTABLE RAINWATER

Looking Back: A Brief History

The construction and use of cisterns to store rainwater can be traced back to the Neolithic Age, when waterproof lime plaster cisterns were built in the floors of houses in village locations of the Levant, a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east.

Many ancient cisterns have been discovered in some parts of Jerusalem and throughout what is today Israel/Palestine. people dug and carved out cisterns out of solid rock during the dry summer months to contain large amounts of water from the rainfalls. Cisterns were domestic gathering places and centers of life in the Near East, and sometimes the object of strife.

ANCIENT CISTERN RUINS FOUND IN PALESTINE

Importance and Benefits of RHS

1. One comparatively clean and cost-free source of water is rainfall.
2. Your water supply is completely under your control, which is great for cities with water restrictions.
3. The system is environmentally compliant and socially acceptable.
4. It encourages sustainability and aids with water conservation.
5. Rainwater is more preferable than chlorinated water for gardens and landscape plants.
6. Stormwater discharge from residences and businesses is decreased.
7. It can give you free water and resolve any drainage issues on your home.
8. Straightforward, low-cost, and easily maintained technologies are used.
9. It can serve as both a primary and a backup supply of water for municipal water systems and wells.
10. The technology is simply installed during the construction of new homes or retrofitted into an existing building.
11. Systems are very adaptable and can be modular, enabling relocation, reconfiguration, and enlargement when needed.
12. It can offer a reliable backup supply of water in an emergency.

Basic Components of RHS and How it Works

Types of RHS in terms of Collection Methods

BARREL TYPE

This is the most often used approach, and it is well known to most people. To collect rainwater, this entails putting a barrel at a gutter downspout. The actual barrel could be a brand-new, commercially manufactured rain barrel or one that has been repurposed. Rainwater collected can usually be transferred by the scooping method or by installing a faucet at the bottom.

Pros:

Anyone can easily do this at home.

You can easily find barrels in your neighborhood or online at a number of different retailers.

Barrels can be used in any setting because they don't take up much room.

Cons:

Usually, capacity ranges from 50 to 100 gallons.

Overflows readily and squanders gathering possibilities

In case you decide to go for the barrel-type RWHS, you might want to try this accessories and fittings kit.

DRY SYSTEM

This setup is similar to a rain barrel setup, but it requires more storage space. Since the collection line empties straight into the top of the tank, it essentially "dries" after every rain event.

Pros:

able to hold a substantial volume of rainfall

Ideal for regions with sporadic rainfall and heavy storm activity

Can be implemented at a low cost

simpler system means easier upkeep

Cons:

The location of the storage tank must be next to your home.

WET SYSTEM

Using this method, you can link many downspouts from various gutters by burying the collection pipes. Rainwater will fill the subterranean pipes, rising through the vertical pipes and overflowing into the tank. Watertight connections must be made between the subsurface collection piping and downspouts. The tank inlet's elevation needs to be lower than the house's lowest gutter.

Pros:

The capacity to gather information from your whole collection surface

The capacity to gather from several drains and gutters

The tank may be situated distant from your residence.

Cons:

More costly to install because of subterranean plumbing

There must be a sufficient gap between the tank inlet and the gutters.

Modern Technology and Innovations

UV-RESISTANT STORAGE TANKS

In order to increase efficiency and broaden applicability, modern rainwater collection techniques include cutting-edge technology. Among them is the use of premium, UV-resistant storage tanks to guarantee long-term water storage and inhibit the formation of algae. The materials and designs of gutter and downspout systems have also changed, resulting in fewer obstructions and less upkeep needed. 

UV STERILIZATION AND FILTER SOLUTIONS

The use of collected rainwater for drinking has become possible due to significant advancements in water filtration technologies. To guarantee the safety and quality of the water in your rainwater collection system, some suppliers offer UV sterilization and filter solutions that can be incorporated into your projects.

What law Regulates RHS in the Philippines?

The law that currently regulates rainwater harvesting systems in the Philippines is what is commonly known as THE PHILIPPINE GREEN BUILDING CODE, issued June 2015, as A Referral Code of the NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PD 1096, under Section 11.2. However, such provision covers only that of non-potable purposes. Potable water regulated by other government agencies will not be discussed.

Implementation and Execution

PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATION: Thorough planning is the first step, and it entails determining the capacity and requirement for rainwater gathering. This comprises figuring out the average rainfall, calculating the catchment area, which is typically the rooftop, and figuring out how much storage is needed depending on usage requirements. It's also critical to take the local weather and environment into account. Water safety and durability should be taken into consideration while choosing materials for the collection surface, gutters, and storage tanks. In keeping with the intended application, the design must also incorporate suitable filtration and purifying systems consulted with the experts.

INSTALLATION PROCESS: Installation comes next after the design. Firstly, determine the catchment area, which is typically the rooftop that usually exists. Installing or modifying gutters and downspouts is necessary to properly direct water into the storage system. To stop leaks and blockages, care must be given to make sure these parts are properly aligned and fastened. The location of the storage tank, which may be above or below ground, should take safety, maintenance, and user accessibility into account.

MAINTENANCE: RHS are known for requiring little upkeep, so with little

effort, you can still contribute to the long-term success of your installed system. This entails clearing the debris from the catchment area and gutters and inspecting the prefiltration, which may taint the water or create obstructions. It is important to routinely check the storage tanks for leaks, fractures, or the growth of algae. Regular inspections are also necessary to maintain the efficiency of filtration and purification systems.

Application

It is important that we be aware of our responsibility to the environment that we live in. One of the best ways to do this is through water conservation that can be practiced by applying the system of Rainwater Harvesting, not only in our own residences, but also in our farms and livestock. In this way, we can create a sustainable, self-sufficient living, as we revive on Earth. 

We have prepared a quick study to include affordable materials, sizes, and prices, handy for our reference. It would be much cheaper to use DIY methods rather than purchase sophisticated RHS components.

Final Thoughts

Water is a naturally occurring resource that is virtually free. Global population growth is driving rising demand for treated water. A balanced supply and demand for water may be maintained by using it responsibly. The most common and environmentally friendly method is to use a Rainwater Harvesting System in both residential and commercial structures for both potable and nonpotable uses. This could lead to a more ecologically responsible way of life by reducing the strain on the processed supply water. On a smaller scale, all these processes and technologies are always applicable here in the Philippines. It should begin in us.

Therefore, once we have completed a project like this, let us share our experiences to promote awareness on the subject of Rainwater Harvesting Systems. Our goal is to reach out to the world and show that we care.

CITATIONS AND PHOTO SOURCES:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting

https://www.britannica.com/technology/rainwater-harvesting-system

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/references/laws_codes_orders/pgbc

https://pinoybuilders.ph/rainwater-harvesting/

https://rainwatermanagement.com/blogs/news/rainwater-harvesting

https://www.watercache.com/education/rainwater-harvesting-101

https://bible-history.com/biblestudy/ancient-cisterns#google_vignette

https://jewishaction.com/content/uploads/springs.jpg

https://yogishenna.com/gutter-price-list/

https://jomprice.ph/pvc-pipe-price-list/

JOEY CASTANEDA

Architect

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

LIST OF LAWS ESSENTIAL TO THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

 

Prior to commencing any project, it is essential to be able to gain the fundamentals, if not the complete knowledge of the essential laws relevant to the professional practice of Architecture in the Philippines. According to Professional Regulation Commission website, https://prc.gov.ph/architecture, the practice of architecture is hereby defined to be: “The act of planning, architectural and structural designing, specifying, supervising, and giving general administration and responsible direction to the erection, enlargement or alterations of buildings and architectural design of engineering structures or any part thereof, the scientific, aesthetic and orderly coordination of all the processes which enter into the production of a complete building or structure performed through the medium of unbiased preliminary studies of plans, consultations, specifications, conferences, evaluations, investigations, contract documents and oral advice and directions regardless of whether the persons engaged in such practice are residents of the Philippines or have their principal office or place of business in this or another country, and regardless of whether such persons are performing one or all of these duties, or whether such duties are performed in person or as the directing head of an office or organization performing them.”

The Architecture Act of 2004, also known as Republic Act No. 9266 (listed below), is the primary legislation that governs the practice of architecture in the Philippines. This law sets out the qualifications, registration requirements, and code of conduct for architects practicing in the country. Aside from this law, there are quite a number of others that are essential to the practice such as those concerning the environment, accessibility, fire, human settlement, etc.

My main objective in writing this article is to help students. professionals and even workers in the construction industry to be able to refer to a single landing page where they could access all the necessary links directly to the specific laws needed for any specific activity they are involved in. It would be an advantage to have the technical knowhow of these laws so that every construction team member will be aware of the architectural aspect of the industry for proper coordination and smooth workflow.

The following are selected references and document links for the above purpose:

LAWS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9266

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A MORE RESPONSIVE AND COMPREHENSIVE REGULATION FOR THE REGISTRATION, LICENSING AND PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 545, AS AMENDED, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS "AN ACT TO REGULATE THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES," AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

https://www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/ARCHITECTURE%20LAW.PDF

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 

MALACAÑANG Manila PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1096 ADOPTING A NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES THEREBY REVISING REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED SIXTY-FIVE HUNDRED FORTY ONE

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/references/laws_codes_orders/national_law

IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (PD 1096) OFFICIAL TEXT 2005 REVISED EDITION

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/references/laws_codes_orders/PD1096

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AFFECTING ARCHITECTURE

THE PHILIPPINE GREEN BUILDING CODE 

June 2015 A Referral Code of the NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/references/laws_codes_orders/pgbc

Philippine Green Building Code Full Text and User Guide; GB Code Checklist-Architectural; GB Code Checklist Electrical and ECE; GB Code Checklist-Mechanical; GB Code Checklist-Plumbing and Sanitary

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/references/guidelines_manuals/green_building

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1308 March 2, 1978

REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF THE PROFESSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES

https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1978/pd_1308_1978.html

ACCESSIBILITY LAW

Batas Pambansa Bilang 344 (Accessibility Law) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/references/laws_codes_orders/bpb344

Enforcement of the Accessibility of the Law (BP 344) along National Roads

https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/references/laws_codes_orders/enforcement_bp344

FIRE SAFETY CODE

FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, RA9514 IRR as of June 26, 2009

https://bfp.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Fire-Code-of-the-Philippines-2008-IRR.pdf

HOUSING LAWS

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 957 July 12, 1976

REGULATING THE SALE OF SUBDIVISION LOTS AND CONDOMINIUMS, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF

https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1976/pd_957_1976.html

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1216

DEFINING "OPEN SPACE" IN RESIDENTIAL SUBDIVISIONS AND AMENDING SECTION 31 OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 957 REQUIRING SUBDIVISION OWNERS TO PROVIDE ROADS, ALLEYS, SIDEWALKS AND RESERVE OPEN SPACE FOR PARKS OR RECREATIONAL USE

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2019/irr_11201_2019.html

THE IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11201, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE “DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT ACT”

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2019/irr_11201_2019.html

LAWS OF OTHER PROFESSIONS RELATED TO ARCHITECTURE

Republic Act No. 8534, February 23, 1998

AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF INTERIOR DESIGN IN THE PHILIPPINES

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8534_1998.html

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9053, March 30, 2001

AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHTECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9053_2001.html

Republic Act No. 1378 An Act To Regulate the Trade Of Master Plumber 

https://legisph.com/statute/republic-act-no-1378

REPUBLIC ACT 9003 January 26, 2001

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9003_2001.html

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