EARTH-SHELTERED HOMES: A Natural Strategy for Sustainable and Green Architecture

As climate change and urban expansion pose increasing challenges to building design and construction, architects and planners are rediscovering nature as a source of innovative solutions. One of the most effective strategies is the earth-sheltered home — a structure that is either partially or entirely covered by soil. This groundbreaking architectural approach leverages the earth itself for insulation, protection, and as an environmental buffer, making it an exemplary model for sustainable architecture and green building practices.

OBJECTIVE

In this blog, we will delve into the essential impact of earth-sheltered homes in advancing green building concepts. These innovative homes not only align with but also enhance the three pillars of green building: environmental, economic, and social sustainability. As a key solution for architects dedicated to crafting eco-friendly dwellings, earth-sheltered homes are pivotal in our journey toward a sustainable future. I urge everyone—regardless of your background—to get involved in this critical dialogue, as each of us has a vital part to play in promoting a healthier, greener world for generations to come.

What Is an Earth-Sheltered Home?

An earth-sheltered home is a structure that is built into the ground or covered by soil on one or more sides. There are three main types:

• Bermed homes – Earth is packed against the exterior walls on one or more sides.

• Hillside (in-hill) homes – Built directly into a slope, with one exposed façade.

• Underground homes – Entirely below ground, often with central courtyards or skylights.

These homes are designed to take advantage of the earth’s naturally stable temperatures to improve comfort and reduce energy demands.

Contribution to Sustainable Architecture

1. Energy Efficiency Through Passive Design

The soil surrounding earth-sheltered homes acts as a natural thermal mass: keeps indoor temperatures stable throughout the year; reduces heat loss in cold seasons; and minimizes heat gain in hot climates. This reduces reliance on mechanical heating and cooling systems, which lowers energy consumption and carbon emissions — a key goal of green buildings.

2. Reduced Carbon Footprint

Earth-sheltered homes contribute to climate change mitigation by lowering operational energy use, reducing dependency on fossil-fuel-powered systems and extending building lifespan due to protection from weather. Over time, this significantly decreases the building’s overall lifecycle carbon footprint.

3. Preservation of Natural Landscape

Unlike conventional housing, earth-sheltered homes blend into their surroundings: roofs can be vegetated to create green roofs; natural landforms remain visually intact and wildlife habitats and vegetation can be restored over the structure. This low-impact development approach aligns with sustainable land-use planning principles.

4. Climate Resilience and Disaster Protection

The surrounding earth provides strong physical protection: high resistance to strong winds and storms; natural fire resistance compared to exposed wooden structures; and protection from temperature extremes. This makes earth-sheltered homes valuable in regions facing increasingly severe climate events.

5. Improved Indoor Environmental Quality

Earth-sheltered homes naturally support healthier indoor conditions by providing superior sound insulation, more stable indoor humidity, and protection from outdoor dust and air pollution. When combined with proper ventilation and daylighting systems, they create comfortable, healthy living environments.

6. Water Conservation and Management

These homes often integrate sustainable water strategies such as rainwater harvesting systems, green roofs that slow stormwater runoff, and natural soil filtration around the structure. This reduces pressure on municipal drainage systems and supports water conservation goals.

Role in Green Building Concepts

Earth-sheltered homes strongly support the three pillars of green building:

Green Building Pillar	Contribution of Earth-Sheltered Homes
Environmental	Reduces emissions, preserves landscapes, improves biodiversity
Economic	Lowers long-term energy and maintenance costs
Social	Creates healthier, quieter, more comfortable living spaces

They also align with international green building standards such as those promoted by the U.S. Green Building Council through energy- and site-efficiency-focused rating systems.

Real-World Examples

Notable earth-sheltered projects include:

• Earth House Estate (Dietikon, Switzerland)

• Malator House (Pembrokeshire, Wales)

• Hockerton Housing Project (United Kingdom)

These projects demonstrate how earth-sheltered design can be successfully implemented in modern housing.

Challenges and Considerations in General

Despite their many benefits, earth-sheltered homes require careful planning:

• Effective waterproofing and drainage systems

• Proper ventilation and moisture control

• Higher initial construction costs in some cases

However, these challenges are usually offset by long-term environmental and energy savings.

Challenges in the Philippines

Earth-sheltered homes make sense in the Philippines due to its hot, humid and typhoon-prone climate which makes passive cooling and structural resilience essential. However, despite of its promising potentials, there exist some several local challenges that must be considered:

• High groundwater levels in coastal and lowland areas;

• Soil stability and landslide risks in mountainous regions;

• Need for skilled waterproofing and structural engineering; and

• Higher initial construction expertise requirements.

These challenges requires proper site selection, specialized technical design and adherence to government's green building/environmental laws and certifications.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Earth-sheltered homes serve as a transformative approach in sustainable architecture, harnessing natural systems to enhance living environments. By utilizing passive thermal control, minimizing environmental impact, and bolstering resilience, they exemplify the key tenets of green building. As the construction industry increasingly embraces lower-carbon and climate-responsive designs, earth-sheltered homes emerge as both a practical and visionary solution for a sustainable future.

Ar. JOEY CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

Citations and Recommended Guidance References:

• United States Department of Energy (DOE). Energy-Efficient Earth Sheltered Homes.

• University of Minnesota Extension. Earth-Sheltered Housing Design Guidelines.

• U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). Sustainable Site and Energy Strategies in Green Buildings.

• Vale, Brenda & Vale, Robert (2002). The New Autonomous House: Design and Planning for Sustainability. Thames & Hudson.

• Kibert, Charles J. (2016). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery. Wiley.

PHOTO ATTRIBUTION:

Earth House Estate (Dietikon, Switzerland)

By Archi0780 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3084002

Malator House (Pembrokeshire, Wales)

By Malator Eco House by Alan Hughes, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=153729216

Hockerton Housing Project (United Kingdom)

By Hockerton Housing Project by Richard Croft, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115585511

Cover Photo:
By Archi0780 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3083981

 

ECO-BRUTALISM: Where Raw Architecture Meets Regenerative Design | Architalktural

 

ECO-BRUTALISM: Where Raw Architecture Meets Regenerative Design

In recent years, an innovative architectural trend has emerged, merging the unrefined beauty of concrete with the healing essence of nature. This movement, known as eco-brutalism, redefines traditional Brutalist architecture by prioritizing sustainability. Unlike classic Brutalism, which is often characterized by stark, imposing forms, eco-brutalism embraces vibrant greenery, ecological systems, and energy-efficient design, fostering a harmonious coexistence between nature and urban structures. As eco-brutalism gains momentum, it captivates global interest for its remarkable ability to transform dull urban landscapes into flourishing, sustainable ecosystems, paving the way for a healthier future.

OBJECTIVE

I grew up immersed in the Classic Brutalist era, a time defined by the visionary work of renowned architect Leandro Locsin. His masterpieces, including the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Philippine International Convention Center, and Ninoy Aquino International Airport, have left a profound mark on our architectural landscape. This exposure has given me a deep appreciation for the unique character that Brutalism embodies. Yet, as we face the urgent challenge of climate change, a transformative movement is taking root in architecture. Sustainable design is not only gaining importance but is evolving into a powerful new trend. Enter Eco-Brutalism—a fusion of traditional Brutalism with eco-friendly principles. This innovative approach represents a crucial step toward addressing our environmental concerns while honoring architectural history. Join me as we delve into the compelling world of Eco-Brutalism in this blog article.

What Is Eco-Brutalism?

Eco-brutalism is a contemporary design approach that integrates Brutalist architectural aesthetics with environmentally responsible design principles. It retains the visual strength and geometric clarity of Brutalism while embedding biological and ecological systems such as:

• Green roofs and rooftop gardens

• Vertical forests and green walls

• Passive ventilation and daylighting strategies

• Renewable and low-carbon building materials

• Climate-adaptive landscaping

Instead of softening the structure with ornamental details, eco-brutalism emphasizes coexistence between concrete and nature—inviting plants to climb, spill, and envelop the built form.

Characteristics of Eco-Brutalist Architecture

1. Integration of Greenery

Eco-brutalist buildings commonly feature:

• Cascading plants on concrete balconies

• Moss-covered retaining walls

• Terraced gardens embedded into the façade

• Vegetated podiums and walkways

Greenery softens the heavy concrete massing while improving microclimates and biodiversity.

2. Sustainable Use of Concrete

Concrete is a defining material of Brutalism, but eco-brutalism shifts toward sustainability by using:

• Low-carbon or geopolymer concrete

• Recycled aggregates

• Smart structural design to minimize material output

• Prefabrication to reduce construction waste

This approach balances durability with environmental responsibility.

3. Passive Design Strategies

Eco-brutalist buildings often incorporate:

• Natural ventilation through deep openings or breezeways

• Daylighting via large windows, skylights, and carved voids

• Thermal mass cooling, as concrete helps regulate indoor temperatures

These reduce energy consumption while enhancing occupant comfort.

4. Long-Lasting, Resilient Structures

Brutalism’s utilitarian approach aligns with sustainability by prioritizing:

• Longevity

• Structural resilience

• Low maintenance

Eco-brutalism enhances this by making structures adaptable and climate-responsive.

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Eco-Brutalism and the Green Building Concept

Eco-brutalism contributes meaningfully to all three major pillars of green building: environmental, social, and economic sustainability.

1. Environmental Benefits

• Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect
  Vegetation cools the surroundings by shading solar-absorbing surfaces.

• Improved Energy Efficiency
  Passive design and strategically placed greenery reduce cooling and lighting loads.

• Stormwater Management
  Green roofs and landscaped terraces absorb rainfall and prevent flooding.

• Biodiversity Support
  Plants integrated into the façade create microhabitats for insects, birds, and small mammals.

2. Social Sustainability

• Biophilic Experience
  Eco-brutalist buildings reconnect occupants with nature, improving well-being and reducing stress.

• Engagement and Livability
  Shaded green walkways, rooftop parks, and community terraces enhance quality of life in dense cities.

3. Economic Sustainability

• Operational Savings
  Energy-efficient systems reduce long-term consumption costs.

• Durability and Low Maintenance
  Reinforced concrete structures last longer and require minimal upkeep, improving lifecycle performance.

Is Eco-Brutalism Truly Sustainable?

While eco-brutalism offers clear benefits, its sustainability depends on the thoughtfulness of execution. Buildings must incorporate:

• Efficient irrigation systems

• Drought-resistant or native plants

• Proper waterproofing and structural design

• Responsible material sourcing

• Compliance with local green building standards (such as BERDE in the Philippines or LEED)

Without these, a building may appear sustainable without delivering long-term environmental performance—what some call “greenwashing”.

Why Eco-Brutalism Is Gaining Popularity

Several factors contribute to the rise of eco-brutalism:

• Climate-responsive design is more important than ever.

• Urban areas need more green spaces without expanding outward.

• Younger generations are drawn to authentic, raw aesthetics paired with sustainability.

• Cities seek architecture that is both resilient and restorative.

Eco-brutalism offers a middle ground—maintaining structural integrity while reintroducing life and nature into the built environment.

Notable Examples of Eco-Brutalism 

Oasia Hotel Downtown — Singapore (See cover Photo)

• Oasia Hotel Downtown is a 27-storey mixed-use tower whose façade is covered with climbing plants belonging to dozens of species — over time the concrete + mesh exterior becomes cloaked in greenery.

• About 40% of the building’s volume is devoted to communal sky gardens and open-air terraces.

• The design uses natural ventilation and open garden terraces instead of purely air-conditioned enclosed spaces — promoting biodiversity (insects, birds) and creating a “vertical ecosystem.”

• This shows eco-brutalism at large-scale: a concrete high-rise reimagined as a living structure, reducing the environmental footprint while offering urban green space.

The Barbican Centre, Facade

The Barbican Centre — London, UK

• While originally built as a classic brutalist structure, the Barbican Centre has undergone sustainable retrofits, integrating green practices and plant-filled spaces.

• Its conservatory holds more than 1,500 plant species, turning part of the concrete estate into a lush, biodiverse environment.

• This example shows another face of eco-brutalism — not only in new buildings but also in how older, concrete-heavy structures can be reimagined and rehabilitated to support green design and urban ecology.

The Barbican Centre, Plant-filled spaces

FINAL THOUGHTS

Eco-brutalism signifies a transformative approach to our vision of future cities. By integrating the raw honesty of Brutalism with the fundamentals of sustainable design, it creates a compelling and eco-friendly architectural identity. As climate issues escalate and urban areas become more crowded, eco-brutalism shows that we can achieve a balance between strength and compassion in architecture—where concrete not only defines structures but also harmonizes with nature, placing it at the forefront of urban life.

Ar. JOEY CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

References and Recommended Readings

• Banham, R. (1966). The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic? Architectural Press.

• Kellert, S., Heerwagen, J., & Mador, M. (2008). Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. Wiley.

• United States Green Building Council (USGBC). LEED v4.1 Standards.

• Philippine Green Building Council. BERDE Green Building Rating System.

• Pallasmaa, J. (2005). The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses. Wiley.

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2020–2024). Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction.

Photo attribution

Oasia Hotel Downtown — Singapore

By 100pss - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=86898098

The Barbican Centre — London, UK

By Approach to the Barbican Centre by Jim Osley, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=127093944

By Scott Wylie from UK - The Conservatory, Barbican Centre, London. Fujifilm., CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115468311

LIVING WITH WATER: A Tribute to Kongjian Yu and the Sponge City Concept

Living with Water: A Tribute to Kongjian Yu and the Sponge City Concept

The world of architecture, landscape, and ecological design faces a significant loss with the passing of Professor Kongjian Yu, a visionary Chinese landscape architect who introduced the groundbreaking “sponge city” concept. His impact is evident not only in the resilient cities and lush green corridors he designed but also in the transformative way we now approach water, nature, and sustainability within urban spaces. Yu’s innovative ideas challenged the traditional mindset of managing water through concrete barriers and drainage systems. He advocated for a harmonious relationship with water, viewing it as an essential element that, when embraced and integrated, can enhance our urban environments and safeguard us against climate-related threats. As we confront more frequent floods, rising sea levels, and urban heat stress, his pioneering vision is more crucial than ever. Let us honor his legacy by adopting sustainable practices that put nature back at the heart of our cities.

“Floods are not enemies,” explains Professor Kongjian Yu in the World Economic Forum. "We can make friends with floods. We can make friends with water.” 

(Source: weforum.org 2019, see citations below for link).

OBJECTIVE:

This blog stands as my heartfelt tribute to the esteemed landscape architect Kongjian Yu and his remarkable impact on sustainable urban planning. While I have not had the privilege of meeting him personally, the loss of a fellow advocate for sustainable architecture resonates deeply with me. The principles Professor Kongjian Yu has pioneered have profoundly shaped my understanding, even though I have yet to implement them in my own projects. One of my primary goals in writing is to enhance environmental awareness, and I hope this piece inspires your future endeavors. Should it influence your work or decisions, please ensure to attribute your insights to Architect Kongjian Yu, the visionary behind the “Sponge City Concept.” Your acknowledgment can help further his legacy and promote a sustainable future for all.

THE SAD NEWS

According to ArchDaily, Kongjian Yu, the pioneering Chinese landscape architect and urban planner credited with coining the "sponge city" concept, has passed away at 62. According to Reuters, he was killed in a plane crash on Tuesday, September 23, 2025 in the wetlands of Mato Grosso do Sul state, in Brazil, while reportedly filming a documentary about his work, after being featured in the opening program of the São Paulo International Architecture Biennale last week.

“We've misunderstood what it means to be developed. We need to develop a new system, a new vernacular to express the changing relationship between land and people.” - Kongjian Yu, in an interview for ArchDaily

What is the Sponge City Concept?

According to Wikipedia, “Sponge city is an urban planning model that originated in China, first proposed by Kongjian Yu, that emphasizes the implementation of hydro-ecological infrastructure. Sponge cities focus on flood prevention and stormwater management via green infrastructure instead of purely relying on drainage systems. Urban flooding, water shortages, and the heat island effect can be alleviated by having more urban parks, gardens, green spaces, wetlands, nature strips, and permeable paving, which will both improve ecological biodiversity for urban wildlife and reduce flash floods by serving as reservoirs for capturing, retaining, and absorbing excess stormwater.”

PERSONAL INSIGHT:

The sponge city concept is an innovative, nature-based solution for managing urban water. Rather than treating rainfall as a nuisance to be swiftly drained away, a sponge city intelligently absorbs, stores, filters, and reuses this vital resource, mimicking the natural behavior of a sponge. This transformative principle invites us to rethink urban design: let our cities thrive and function like the ecosystems they are part of.

Principles Behind the Sponge City Concept

1. Absorb Rainwater Where It Falls

   • Instead of relying only on underground pipes, sponge cities use permeable pavements, green roofs, and rain gardens to soak up stormwater. This reduces flooding and replenishes groundwater.

2. Store Water Naturally

   • Parks, wetlands, ponds, and restored rivers act as natural reservoirs. These green-blue infrastructures not only hold excess rain but also provide habitats for biodiversity and spaces for people to enjoy.

3. Filter and Cleanse

   • Vegetation and soil naturally filter pollutants from runoff, improving water quality before it re-enters rivers or aquifers. This reduces reliance on expensive treatment plants and creates healthier ecosystems.

4. Reuse and Recycle

   • Collected rainwater can be used for irrigation, cooling, or even non-potable household use. In doing so, cities reduce dependence on freshwater sources, making them more resilient in times of drought.

5. Adapt to Local Ecology

   • Sponge city design is not a one-size-fits-all solution. It respects local geography, climate, and culture. Yu emphasized that solutions should draw from nature itself, designing with the land rather than against it.

Why Sponge Cities Matter Today

• Climate Resilience: As floods become more frequent, sponge cities protect communities by slowing and absorbing water rather than letting it overwhelm infrastructure.

• Urban Cooling: By increasing vegetation and open water, sponge cities help mitigate the urban heat island effect, improving public health.

• Biodiversity: Restored wetlands and green corridors support wildlife, reconnecting cities with nature.

• Quality of Life: These designs create healthier, greener, and more enjoyable spaces for people to live, work, and relax in.

In essence, sponge cities turn gray infrastructure into green infrastructure, blending function with beauty.

Tianjin Qiaoyuan Park (Tianjin City, built 2008)

Case Examples of Sponge City Projects

China / Projects by Kongjian Yu & Turenscape

1. Sanya Dong’an Wetland Park, Hainan Province
   In 2016, Turenscape transformed a polluted and degraded wetland corridor into a multifunctional sponge system. The design includes wetlands, ponds, rice paddies, greenways, and coastal habitat restoration. It helps with water retention, filtration, and aquifer recharge, while also providing paths and recreation areas.

2. Sanya Mangrove Park
   Also in Sanya, Hainan. What was once a trash-strewn landfill with concrete flood walls was reworked into a biodiverse mangrove park with finger-like landforms, skywalks, pathways, elevated pavilions, etc. Its functions are ecological, hydrological (flood control, water filtering) and social (public use).

3. Nanchang Fish Tail Park, Jiangxi Province
   A more recent project (2022). This was a reclaimed, polluted site (former fish farm + coal ash dump) turned into a “floating forest” park with many small planted islands, water features, paths. It moderates stormwater, improves biodiversity, and serves as public amenity.

4. Jinan, Shandong Province
   As part of the pilot sponge city program, Jinan aimed to reduce water pollution and revive springs (e.g. Baotu Spring). The projects have included increasing green infrastructure, improving drainage, improving runoff controls to reach high proportions of rainfall retention, etc. These have helped groundwater levels, among other things.

5. Tianjin Qiaoyuan Wetland Park

   According to Turenscape’s project statement: “Through Regenerative Design and by changing landforms, the natural process of plant adaptation and community evolution is introduced to transform a former deserted shooting range used as a garbage dump, into a low maintenance urban park; providing diverse nature’s services for the city including containing and purifying storm water; improving the saline-alkali soil, providing opportunities for environmental education and creating a cherished aesthetic experience.” (Source: Turrenscape Website. See citations for complete link).

6. Early Projects / Heritage + Cultural Landscape Retention

   • Zhongshan Shipyard Park, Guangdong Province (2001) — reuse of an old shipyard, preserving industrial structures and integrating landscape to retain cultural memory while also allowing water to permeate and be managed naturally.

   • Red Ribbon Park, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province (2007) — more minimal but with features like boardwalks, native vegetation, and restoration of natural riverside landscape.

Source: Turenscape website (See citations below for links).

Projects / Adaptations in Southeast Asia & the Philippines (Not all are Turenscape Project)

1. Benjakitti Forest Park, Bangkok, Thailand
   A great example in Southeast Asia. This park (52.7 ha) used to be a brownfield (former industrial / tobacco factory site), with problems of subsidence and flooding. The design by Turenscape created sponge features: stormwater storage capacity (a large volume), sponge wetlands, recreational boardwalks, etc. It has been resilient: during heavy rainfall events, much of Bangkok flooded but the park and its surroundings largely held up. (Source: Turenscape website - See citations below for links)

2. Metro Manila, Philippines – Sponge City Principles Eyed
   The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) is planning to integrate sponge city principles into Manila’s flood management framework. Proposed interventions include:

   • permeable pavements

   • underground reservoirs

   • wetlands and parks

   • green roofs

   • riverside esplanades / walkways that capture run-off / nature-based solutions

Source: Philstar Global 2025 (See citations below for links).

3. Chennai, India – Sponge Parks, Ponds, Underground Rainwater Harvesting
   Though not by Kongjian Yu, Chennai is doing large scale efforts: restoring ponds, creating “sponge parks”, installing underground rainwater harvesting tanks in parks and public spaces. This reduces waterlogging, improves groundwater recharge, and creates usable public space.(Source: downtoearth.org.in - See citations below for exact links)

Lessons from These Examples

• Multifunctionality is key: Parks and wetlands are not just for flood control; they also offer recreation, habitat, cooling, social gathering, culture. Many projects combine ecological, social, aesthetic, and hydrological functions.

• Working with existing landscapes/legacy sites: Reclaiming degraded land (old industrial, polluted wetlands, landfills) often offers more impactful gains than starting from scratch. Also, retaining cultural or heritage elements makes the projects more meaningful to the community.

• Scale & Incremental approach: Some sponge city projects are huge, others are micro (individual parks, streets). Both matter. Smaller projects often serve as demonstrations or pilots, which build public awareness. Over time, scaling up.

• Local adaptation: Designs reflect the local climate (monsoon vs. temperate), soil, hydrology, ecology, culture, and also the financial & governance context. What works in Sanya may need modification in Metro Manila or Chennai. Some areas already have wetlands or mangroves; others need rain gardens or underground reservoirs.

• Monitoring & maintenance: It’s not enough to build sponge infrastructure; feedback, data, maintenance, and behavioral change (e.g., reducing solid waste so storm drains aren’t blocked) are all necessary. Several Chinese pilot cities report challenges around upkeep, public awareness, and coordinating jurisdictions.

Kongjian Yu’s Enduring Legacy

Kongjian Yu's vision merges modern science with ancient wisdom in a profound way. Drawing from traditional Chinese water systems, rice paddies, and terraced landscapes, he crafts innovative urban solutions that resonate globally. His influence extends beyond China, inspiring cities across Asia, Europe, and beyond to adopt sponge city principles as a framework for sustainable living. As architects, planners, and engaged citizens, we have the opportunity to honor his legacy by recognizing the essential connection between human settlements and nature. By designing our cities to work with water, rather than against it, we can build resilient urban environments that flourish amid the challenges of climate change.

FINAL REFLECTION

The passing of Kongjian Yu is a significant loss, yet his teachings will continue to inspire architects, designers, and urban thinkers for generations to come. The sponge city concept transcends mere engineering; it embodies a philosophy of humility—serving as an invitation to honor the natural rhythms of our environment and to embrace water as a valuable ally rather than a foe. In remembering his legacy, we must acknowledge a vital truth: the sustainability of future cities relies on our commitment to coexist harmoniously with the natural world, rather than isolating ourselves from it.

“In honoring Kongjian Yu, we remember not only a visionary architect, but a gentle teacher who showed us that by listening to water, we learn how to live in harmony with the earth.”

Ar J CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

WATCH OUR VIDEO VERSION OF THIS ARTICLE:

CITATIONS

https://www.archdaily.com/1034437/kongjian-yu-creator-of-the-sponge-city-concept-passes-away-in-brazil-plane-crash?fbclid=IwY2xjawNGqGFleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHgG53ZDktuea9Lxr0VcufemItHdRSbPL674Y523AXZmDIFyzOlLr8vJXB0D9_aem_RLDqX0QpDFcGZLJjjV29kg

https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/08/sponge-cities-china-flood-protection-nature-wwf/

https://www.turenscape.com/en/project/index/4.html

https://www.turenscape.com/en/project/detail/4751.html

https://www.turenscape.com/en/project/detail/339.html

https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/09/07/2471018/sponge-city-principle-eyed-metro-manila

PHOTO ATTRIBUTIONS

By GSAPPstudent - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74560631

By Mydogistiaotiaohu - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112853252

10 BEST AIR PURIFYING INDOOR PLANTS FOR BIOPHILIC DESIGN | Architalktural

10 BEST AIR PURIFYING INDOOR PLANTS FOR BIOPHILIC DESIGN

In our increasingly urbanized world, many of us find ourselves spending more time indoors than ever. Unfortunately, our built environments often lack the visual, tactile, and air-quality elements that inherently connect us to nature—elements we instinctively long for. This is where biophilic design comes into play. By integrating natural materials, ample daylight, scenic views, and lush greenery into our interiors, we can dramatically improve our well-being, lower stress levels, and enrich our surroundings. A highly effective way to achieve this transformation is through the use of indoor plants, which not only bring beauty and texture to our spaces but also purify the air we breathe, making our home or office a healthier haven.

OBJECTIVE

In this blog, we delve into ten exceptional air-purifying plants: the snake plant, spider plant, ZZ plant, pothos, peace lily, monstera, fern, English ivy, cactus, and aloe vera. Each of these plants not only adds visual appeal to your space but also plays a crucial role in improving indoor air quality. No matter your interior design style—be it minimalist, tropical, Scandinavian, or Bohemian—these plants can transform your home into a biophilic oasis, promoting a healthier and more vibrant indoor atmosphere. Embrace nature’s beauty and enhance your living environment with these remarkable plants!

Plant Descriptions

For each plant, I’ll include: key aesthetic/biophilic design contributions, the types of air pollutants they help mitigate, and care tips that support their optimal performance.

Snake Plant

1. Snake Plant (Sansevieria / Dracaena trifasciata)

• Aesthetic & Biophilic Value: Tall, upright, sword‑like leaves give strong vertical form; great for defining corners, lining hallways, or structuring a space. Its bold, architectural profile adds contrast in texture (with smoother leaves) and color (often variegated edges or bands). Works well in minimalistic designs as a sculptural element.

• Air Purification Benefits: Known from NASA’s Clean Air Study to remove toxins such as formaldehyde, benzene, xylene, and trichloroethylene. It also continues to release oxygen at night (unlike many plants), which makes it good for bedrooms.

• Care: Very low maintenance. Tolerates low light, needs infrequent watering (soil should dry between waterings). Avoid overwatering to prevent root rot. Strong in neglect.

Spider Plant

2. Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum)

• Aesthetic & Biophilic Value: Its arching, variegated leaves and cascading “spiderettes” (baby offshoots) offer movement, texture, and layers. Hanging baskets and shelves are good locations; its airy structure softens rigid geometry in interiors. Very forgiving plant that gives a lush, relaxed feel.

• Air Purification Benefits: Effective at removing formaldehyde, xylene, and carbon monoxide. Recognized in many surveys/NASA studies. Good at filtering indoor pollutants from furnishings, adhesives, and synthetic materials.

• Care: Prefers bright, indirect light but tolerates moderate shade. Likes moist but well‑draining soil; allow topsoil to dry a bit between waterings. Mist occasionally to reduce dust on the leaves, which helps with air filtering.

ZZ Plant

3. ZZ Plant (Zamioculcas zamiifolia)

• Aesthetic & Biophilic Value: Glossy, dark green, waxy leaves on upright stems; low, sculptural silhouette. Offers high contrast in tone and sheen; works well as an accent piece or in low‑light parts of the house (since it tolerates shade). Its robustness embodies the “resilience” aspect of biophilic design—forms that endure and adapt.

• Air Purification Benefits: Helps remove VOCs such as benzene, toluene, and xylene. Though less is known compared to some of the classic NASA plants, multiple sources list it among effective air purifiers.

• Care: Very low maintenance. Needs bright indirect to moderate light but tolerates quite low light. Water sparingly; let soil dry between waterings (its rhizomes store water). Keep in well‑draining soil; avoid waterlogging.

Pothos

4. Pothos (Epipremnum aureum, “Golden Pothos,” etc.)

• Aesthetic & Biophilic Value: Trailing vines, heart‑shaped leaves often variegated (gold, cream, white, etc.). Excellent for adding soft curves, layering, draping, and green cascades from shelves or hanging planters. Its vines help visually connect the floor, middle, and ceiling levels in a room, supporting spatial biophilic layering.

• Air Purification Benefits: Known to absorb formaldehyde, benzene, and xylene. Very forgiving plant, often used in workplaces and homes for its air-cleaning qualities.

• Care: Thrives in bright, indirect light but tolerates lower light. Keep soil lightly moist, but do not overwater; let the top layer dry somewhat. Regular pruning of vines helps keep aesthetic shape and stimulates fuller growth.

Peace Lily

5. Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum spp.)

• Aesthetic & Biophilic Value: Elegant white spathes (flowers) contrasting against glossy deep green leaves provide focal interest and a soothing, tranquil presence. Great in low to medium light, good for corners or areas that need a calming feature. Also adds softness through its curved flower and foliage forms.

• Air Purification Benefits: Removes pollutants like benzene, formaldehyde, trichloroethylene, and ammonia. Also reputed to help reduce mold spores in air and increase indoor humidity (beneficial in dry climates).

• Care: Prefers medium to low indirect light. Soil kept moist (but not waterlogged). Droops visibly when dry (which is a visual cue). Be cautious if there are pets, as parts are toxic if ingested.

Monstera

6. Monstera (Monstera deliciosa, etc.)

• Aesthetic & Biophilic Value: Large leaves with split or perforated forms create dramatic shadows and patterns of light through foliage, which is very biophilic. Their scale can give a tropical feel, help fill vertical space, and emphasize lush, nature‑like interiors. Provides a strong “leafy” presence.

• Air Purification Benefits: While Monstera is not always one of the headline plants in older NASA lists, more recent design/houseplant sources include Monstera among those that help improve indoor air quality (removal of VOCs, etc.). Also, its large leaf surface area helps in absorbing pollutants and dust.

• Care: Thrives in bright, indirect light. Needs well‑draining soil and regular watering (keeping soil slightly moist). Likes support (a stake or moss pole) for vertical growth if desired. Avoid direct harsh sun, which can scorch. Also,  dust leaves occasionally to keep stomata open.

Fern

7. Fern (e.g., Boston Fern Nephrolepis exaltata or other indoor fern species)

• Aesthetic & Biophilic Value: Feathery, delicate foliage adds softness, texture, and richness. Ferns evoke shade, moisture, and leafy forest understory ambience. Great for humid areas like bathrooms, kitchens; can be used in planters at various heights to create layered green zones.

• Air Purification Benefits: Known to remove formaldehyde, xylene, and toluene; also naturally raises humidity via transpiration, which can help skin and respiratory comfort, and reduce dust.

• Care: Prefer bright, indirect light; keep soil evenly moist but not soggy. High humidity helps; regular misting or use of pebble trays. Sensitive to dry air and over‑drying.

English Ivy

8. English Ivy (Hedera helix)

• Aesthetic & Biophilic Value: Trailing or climbing; can cover walls, be trained over trellises; its drape softens harsh lines, adds complexity, and layers. Several cultivars feature variegated leaves, adding visual interest. They can be used in baskets or as groundcover in large planters indoors.

• Air Purification Benefits: Good at removing formaldehyde and other VOCs; also helps reduce airborne fecal particles/mold in some studies—useful for allergy relief.

• Care: Prefers medium to bright indirect light. Keep soil moderately moist; tolerates some dryness but not extended drought. Be mindful that ivy can be toxic if ingested and may require pruning to control spread.

Cactus

9. Cactus (Various succulents/cactus species)

• Aesthetic & Biophilic Value: Strong sculptural forms, variety of shapes—from columnar to round, ribbed, or spiky—which can serve as focal points or contrast in texture. Minimalist and drought‑tolerant, often in modern or desert aesthetic‑inspired interiors. Great for small spaces or for people with less time for maintenance.

• Air Purification Benefits: While cacti are not always the most prominent in VOC‑removing plant lists compared to some others, succulents in general help with absorbing CO₂, releasing oxygen, and reducing some pollutants; they also help stabilize humidity and may help trap dust or particles on their surfaces. Some sources list “succulents and cacti” among the overall category of air purifiers.

• Care: Require bright light; soil must be well‑draining; water infrequently (allow soil to dry between waterings). Overwatering is the most common cause of failure. Use containers with drainage.

Aloe Vera

10. Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis / related species)

• Aesthetic & Biophilic Value: Succulent form, fleshy leaves with interesting colors and textures (often a bit glossier, occasionally with pale spotting, and with architectural symmetry). Has a clean, modern yet natural feel. Also, it  is multi‑functional—gel inside has soothing properties. Good for windowsills, kitchens, bathrooms—places where its practical uses can be part of its appeal.

• Air Purification Benefits: Identified in studies/lists as helping to remove formaldehyde and benzene. It can also contribute to oxygen production, though not especially at night (unlike the snake plant). Also serves as a low‑maintenance purifier.

• Care: Needs bright, indirect to direct light; minimal watering; well‑draining succulent or cactus mix. Allow the soil to dry out substantially between watering to avoid root rot. Occasional dusting.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Introducing air-purifying plants into your interior spaces does more than enhance visual appeal—it actively promotes essential aspects of biophilic design. These elements foster a connection with nature, provide sensory richness through diverse textures, forms, and colors, soften harsh edges, and significantly improve air quality. Such plants not only elevate the aesthetics of your space with their vibrant greenery and structure but also play a crucial role in reducing harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mold spores, and other indoor pollutants. Embrace the power of nature indoors for a healthier and more inviting environment!

When selecting and placing plants, consider the following to maximize both design and purification benefits:

• Distribute greenery throughout the room (not just in one corner) to increase surface area for filtering and to support visual layering.

• Match plant choices to the light, humidity, and care capacity you have—inappropriate conditions reduce both aesthetic vibrancy and purification efficacy.

• Use plants as accents or focal points: large-leaf plants like monstera, upright ones like snake plant, trailing ones like pothos or ivy, and ones with flowers like peace lily.

• Maintain them well: clean leaves (dust blocks stomata), water correctly, avoid overcrowding, and replace if plants get unhealthy.

Although one or two houseplants may not fully replace the need for ventilation or mechanical air filtration in polluted environments, integrating them with proper airflow, eliminating sources of indoor toxins (like certain paints and cleaning agents), and using a variety of plants can greatly enhance the quality of your indoor environment. Investing in plants is a simple, effective way to breathe easier and create a healthier home.

In short, by weaving in these ten plants, you can design interiors that feel alive, calming, and healthier—a hallmark of biophilic design in practice.

Ar J CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

CITATIONS:

https://www.almanac.com/10-indoor-plants-clean-air

https://www.mdessmarket.com/blog/plants-that-clean-the-air

https://houseplant101.com/blog/air-purifying-plants/

https://airpurityguide.com/what-plants-are-good-for-air-purification/

https://aquascape.ae/product/zamioculcas-zamiifolia-air-purifier-plant/

https://homebagh.com/blogs/news/top-air-purifying-indoor-plants-for-a-healthier-home

https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/best-indoor-plants

PHOTO ATTRIBUTIONS

001 Snake Plant pexels-rosana-solis-385478-3718448

002 Spider Plant pexels-fotios-photos-4753285

003 Raven ZZ Plant pexels-valeriiamiller-8525199

004 Pothos pexels-rdne-8580784

005 Peace Lily pexels-alinaskazka-14939905

006 Monstera pexels-avonnephoto-6597437

007 Fern pexels-hellokellybrito-322342

008 English Ivy pexels-plantsandgraphics-7365049

009 Cactus pexels-scottwebb-7167634

010 Aloe Vera pexels-jvdm-1581101

011 Cover Photo pexels-huy-phan-316220-3076899