ECO-TOURISM STARTS WITH ECO-DESIGN: Sustainable Tourism and Green Building Linked

 

Tourism is fundamentally about exploration, relaxation, and discovery. Yet, in today’s world, as travelers grow more conscious of their environmental impact, the tourism industry must adapt to meet this challenge by embracing sustainability through eco-tourism. This is where the principles of green building become essential. More than just an architectural trend, green building offers effective solutions that directly support the ideals of sustainable tourism. From eco-lodges harmoniously integrated into nature to energy-efficient hotels in vibrant urban settings, implementing green design not only enhances the travel experience but also protects the precious environments and cultures that make our journeys worthwhile. By choosing sustainable options, we can ensure that tourism continues to flourish without compromising our planet.

OBJECTIVE:

I firmly believe that green building is essential to one of the most important human activities today: eco-tourism. I make this assertion not only as an architect but as an environmental advocate committed to promoting sustainability. Eco-tourism’s primary objective is to create travel experiences that prioritize biodiversity, ecosystem conservation, and sustainable practices. This mission ultimately inspires a deeper appreciation and understanding of our environment among travelers. Green building plays a pivotal role in advancing this vision—it's not just about the architectural design; it's about creating spaces that harmonize with nature. In this blog, I will delve into the vital link between eco-tourism and green building. Needless to say that environmental concerns are often more focused on the travelers’ welfare, but in my own personal opinion, social and economic factors of sustainability are just as important, to the point that involving local communities in decision-making is vital for the enduring success of eco-tourism initiatives. By engaging these communities, respecting their cultural heritage, and providing them with meaningful economic opportunities, we can ensure a truly sustainable approach. In our design process, it is crucial that we incorporate these considerations while adhering to green building principles, when put together, will ultimately benefit travel patrons, local populations and our striving planet.

THE CRUCIAL LINK BETWEEN ECO-TOURISM AND GREEN BUILDING

Green building principles are highly relevant to sustainable tourism practices because both focus on minimizing environmental impact while enhancing social and economic benefits. Here's how they connect:

1. Energy Efficiency

Buildings designed with energy efficiency in mind reduce energy consumption through better insulation, efficient HVAC systems, and use of renewable energy sources like solar or wind. Such features can be incorporated in designing eco-resorts and hotels to reduce their carbon footprint. For example, using natural ventilation, energy-efficient lighting, and solar panels ensures less reliance on non-renewable energy, thus contributing to the overall sustainability of the tourism operation.

2. Water Conservation

Water-efficient plumbing systems, rainwater harvesting, and water recycling systems are integral to green building in which we can apply in designing tourist accommodations, particularly in water-scarce regions, often incorporate these water-saving strategies. Hotels and resorts might implement low-flow faucets, greywater recycling systems, and landscape design that uses drought-resistant plants to conserve water.

3. Materials and Resources

The use of sustainable, locally sourced, and low-impact materials is central to green architecture, reducing the environmental cost of building. Sustainable tourism operations prioritize eco-friendly materials for construction and furnishings, such as recycled or upcycled materials, natural finishes, and locally sourced items. This supports local economies while reducing the carbon footprint associated with transporting materials.

4. Indoor Environmental Quality

Ensuring a healthy indoor environment is a priority in green building through natural ventilation, the use of non-toxic materials, and abundant natural light. Eco-friendly accommodations aim to provide high-quality indoor environments for guests by using non-toxic paints, avoiding synthetic materials, and ensuring good indoor air quality through plants and proper ventilation.

5. Waste Management

Efficient waste management systems, including recycling, composting, and minimizing landfill contributions, are standard in green buildings. Resorts and hotels that prioritize sustainability often integrate waste reduction systems, composting organic waste, offering recycling stations for guests, and minimizing single-use plastics.

6. Biophilic Design

Biophilic design incorporates elements of nature into buildings to improve the well-being of occupants and connect them with the natural environment. In tourism, this might mean designing resorts or cabins that blend into the natural landscape, featuring large windows for natural views, gardens, and interiors with natural materials that reflect local ecosystems, creating a peaceful environment that promotes relaxation and connection to nature.

7. Transportation and Access

A sustainable building reduces its carbon footprint through proximity to transportation options and designs that encourage walking or cycling. Hotels, resorts, and eco-lodges may be designed to minimize the need for transportation by being situated near public transport or in walkable, bike-friendly areas. Some tourism operations even provide electric vehicle charging stations or promote car-sharing and cycling programs for guests.

8. Community Engagement and Social Responsibility in Action

While green building focuses on energy efficiency, water conservation, and eco-friendly design, we must not overlook its critical social dimension. At the core of sustainable tourism lies community engagement and social responsibility—ensuring that the locals who welcome travelers also share in the benefits of development. Sustainability in tourism transcends mere environmental protection; it actively enhances the well-being of the communities that host visitors. By integrating green building principles, we can foster environments that honor local culture, bolster livelihoods, and ensure equitable distribution of benefits. When tourism prioritizes these values, destinations can flourish not only in terms of ecological health but also in social and economic prosperity. Embracing this approach is essential for a truly sustainable future.

Soneva Gilly, Maldives

Across the globe, eco-tourism initiatives are proving that sustainable practices and community involvement can thrive together. In Peru, Inkaterra Hotels not only hire and train local residents as naturalist guides but also embrace indigenous building techniques and support vital biodiversity research. This approach ensures that tourism revenue flows directly back to the local communities. Similarly, Chumbe Island Coral Park in Tanzania actively involves residents in conservation efforts and offers environmental education, making eco-tourism a powerful catalyst for community empowerment. Even luxury destinations like Soneva Resorts in the Maldives demonstrate social responsibility by reinvesting in schools, healthcare programs, and renewable energy projects. These examples illustrate that embracing sustainability can enhance hospitality while benefiting both the environment and local communities.

Lagen Resorts, El Nido, Palawan

In the Philippines, eco-tourism destinations not only provide stunning experiences but also highlight the transformative power of community engagement. El Nido Resorts in Palawan stand out as pioneers of eco-friendly design, harnessing solar energy, utilizing rainwater harvesting, and implementing rigorous waste management systems. Their commitment goes beyond infrastructure; they empower local communities by hiring residents, sourcing fresh seafood and produce from nearby farmers and fisherfolk, and offering marine conservation education programs that foster environmental awareness. Bohol Bee Farm exemplifies another impactful model, creating sustainable livelihoods for women through organic farming, handicrafts, and food production. Guests enjoy genuine farm-to-table experiences while supporting local artisans. Meanwhile, Danjugan Island in Negros Occidental transforms conservation into a meaningful journey, where local guides lead guests in snorkeling, birdwatching, and reef protection activities, enriching their connection to nature. Moreover, initiatives like Kawayan Collective in Dumaguete showcase sustainable bamboo construction as a means to generate employment, preserve traditional craftsmanship, and encourage eco-friendly development. By choosing these destinations, travelers not only enjoy unforgettable adventures but also contribute to the preservation of culture and the environment, making a positive impact on local communities.

Bohol Bee Farm, Bohol, Philippines

These examples prove that community engagement is not an optional add-on but a cornerstone of sustainable tourism. By valuing local voices, preserving cultural heritage, and ensuring that communities share in tourism’s benefits, green building principles create destinations where both people and the planet can flourish.

ABSTRACT

In summary, both green building principles and sustainable tourism share a common goal: to reduce environmental harm and improve the quality of life for all stakeholders, from the local community to the tourists. By integrating green building principles into tourism operations, businesses can provide eco-friendly accommodations and experiences that support a more sustainable future.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Eco-tourism is not merely a passing trend; it represents a powerful movement toward crafting travel experiences that safeguard the environment, celebrate local cultures, and uplift communities. Central to this transformation are green building principles, which offer a robust framework for eco-friendly design and efficient resource utilization while ensuring healthier spaces for guests. However, the social aspect is equally significant: local communities must not only participate in tourism development but also thrive because of it. When hotels, resorts, and eco-projects commit to investing in local people—through fair wages, cultural preservation, and equitable economic opportunities—they redefine tourism as a collaborative effort that benefits all. Travelers gain access to authentic and enriching experiences, while communities secure sustainable livelihoods and a stronger voice in determining their own futures. The future of tourism hinges on achieving this essential balance: constructing buildings that honor the planet and adopting practices that respect the people. By merging green building initiatives with meaningful community engagement, we have the power to shape a tourism industry that provides not just unforgettable memories for travelers, but also lasting value and benefits for the destinations they explore.

Ar J CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

CITATIONS:

All about the mentioned examples in this blog:

https://northflash.com/interview-with-jose-koechlin-founder-of-inkaterra/

https://chumbeisland.com/

https://planvacationasia.com/el-nido-ecotourism-and-responsible-travel#heading-supporting-local-sustainable-initiatives

https://boholbeefarm.com/the-farm/

https://danjuganisland.ph/visit/#overnight-at-moray-lagoon

https://www.negrosseasonofculture.com/2025/02/kawayan-collective-greening-country.html

PHOTO ATTRIBUTION:

El Nido Resorts, Palawan, Philippines

By geLowfish - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=79155210

Bohol Bee Farm

By Øyvind Holmstad - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61345684

Soneva Gilly, Maldives

By J-F Le Falher - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6943834

Cover Photo is an original digital artwork by the author. Follow his artist link to avail.

BIOPHILIC DESIGN: Creating Green Buildings for Life (Part 2)

BIOPHILIC DESIGN

A roof terrace surrounded with plants and trees.

PART 2: Exploring Human Experiences with Nature

In our increasingly urbanized and technology-driven world, people are spending more time indoors than ever before. While modern buildings may be efficient and functional, they often disconnect us from the natural world—something our bodies and minds still crave. This is where Biophilic Design comes into play.

OBJECTIVE

This is the second episode of our mini-series on the subject of Biophilic Design. So, perhaps you may want to go through with the first part for a better understanding:

BIOPHILIC DESIGN: Creating Green Buildings for Life (Part 1)

Biophilic Design goes beyond simply adding plants to a space; it is an evidence-based approach to architecture and interior design that fosters a deeper human connection to nature. It taps into our innate biological affinity for the natural environment, improving physical health, boosting mental well-being, and enhancing productivity. By integrating natural elements, patterns, and spatial experiences into the built environment, biophilic design transforms ordinary spaces into restorative and inspiring places to live, work, and learn. In this episode, it will be a different approach this time. Instead of extracting excerpts from reference materials, I will be combining my personal insights and experiences while referencing research material. So please remain seated, as this would be another adventurous expedition in the enchanting jungles of Amazon.

THREE KEY CATEGORIES OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN

To better understand this concept, biophilic design can be explored through three key categories of human experiences with nature: Direct, Indirect, and Experience of Space & Place. Each category offers unique ways to incorporate the benefits of nature into our everyday lives.

1. Direct Experiences of Nature

Direct experiences involve actual, physical interaction with natural elements. These appeal to our senses in real time, allowing us to see, hear, feel, and even smell nature.

a. Natural Light

Natural light is one of the most effective ways to connect people with nature indoors. Sunlight regulates our circadian rhythm, boosts mood, and can enhance focus and creativity. Light plays a crucial role in helping people orient themselves with the time of day and the season. It contributes to wayfinding and comfort, and it can create natural patterns, movements, and shadows.

In design, this concept can be applied creating buildings with strategically placed windows, skylights, clerestories, reflective materials, light wells and atriums allow natural daylight to fill the space, reducing the need for artificial lighting and creating a healthier environment. Imagine working in an office bathed in soft morning light; your energy levels rise naturally, and your day begins on a brighter note.

Example: An office building with a glass façade and strategically placed workstations to maximize daylight exposure.

An office building with a glass façade
gives natural lighting.

To learn more about natural lighting, check out our relevant blog here: 

HARNESSING THE SUN: THE ROLE OF NATURAL LIGHTING IN SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN

b. Fresh Air & Natural Ventilation

Breathing in fresh air can truly rejuvenate both our minds and bodies. Features like cross-ventilation, operable windows, and open layouts allow breezes to bring in the scents of flowers, rain, and nearby vegetation. These conditions can be managed using windows and other passive strategies. Most importantly, variations in these elements can enhance occupant comfort and productivity. This experience is not only enjoyable but also healthier, as it helps reduce indoor pollutants and increases oxygen levels.

Example: A home designed with sliding glass doors that open to a garden, letting in breezes and scents from nearby plants.

Wall opening that open to a garden.

More natural ventilation information here:

 ENHANCING INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN GREEN BUILDINGS

c. Water Features

Water has a uniquely calming effect. The sight and sound of flowing water can lower heart rates, reduce stress, and create a meditative atmosphere. Water engages multiple senses and can be effectively integrated into building design to enhance movement, sound, touch, and sight. Whether it’s a trickling indoor fountain or a koi pond in a courtyard, water attracts people and encourages them to take a moment to pause. Water can be incorporated in buildings through elements such as water bodies, fountains, wetlands, and aquariums. People have a deep connection to water, and when utilized in design, it can reduce stress and improve health, performance, and overall satisfaction.

Example: I had my own personal experience in Japan going to Onsen. They have a section where you can lie down in flowing streams of natural warm water that provides relaxing atmosphere and a calming effect to the mind and body.

d. Vegetation & Greenery

Plants do not only look beautiful; they also improve air quality, reduce noise, and enliven spaces. Engaging with leaves, smelling flowers, or tending to indoor gardens provides sensory experiences and relaxation. Incorporating vegetation into both the exterior and interior spaces of a building creates a direct connection to nature. It is important to have an abundance of plants, such as green walls or numerous potted plants, some of which should produce flowers. Plants can enhance physical health, improve performance and productivity, and reduce stress for the occupants of the building.

Example: A roof terrace surrounded with plants and trees. Some call these roof gardens or green roofs. (See cover image)

e. Seasonal Changes

Observing the changing colors of trees, the blooming of flowers, or the falling of rain helps us appreciate nature's cycles and our role within them. Weather can be directly observed through windows and transitional spaces, but it can also be simulated by manipulating the air within a space. Incorporating large windows or outdoor seating areas that offer seasonal views establishes a dynamic connection with the environment, ensuring that our spaces remain visually and emotionally engaging throughout the year. In ancient times, awareness of the weather was crucial for human survival and fitness. Today, it continues to promote awareness and mental stimulation.

Example: A classroom with large windows overlooking deciduous trees that change colors throughout the year. Another example I could share may not only be visual, but something heard as well such as falling raindrops. Its sound always gives me a unique soothing effect. Same thing also when looking at them falling on your window sills.

ABSTRACT: Given the broad nature of this category, I have selected only a few important items for discussion. When it comes to incorporating nature in Biophilic design process, some elements were found to be challenging to achieve. However, I will leave room for their evolution over the years and will address them when the time is right. These elements include animals, natural landscapes, and fire, and there may be additional categories that develop in the future.

2. Indirect Experiences of Nature

Indirect experiences are symbolic or representational. They evoke nature without direct physical presence, often through design, material choice, and imagery.

a. Natural Materials

Materials like wood, bamboo, stone, and clay connect us to the earth’s raw textures and patterns. They invite touch, carry natural scents, and age gracefully over time. For example, a timber staircase not only serves its function but tells a story through its grain.

People are increasingly drawn to natural materials because they engage the mind and elevate our surroundings. These materials age beautifully, developing a unique patina that resonates with us on an emotional level. In architecture, incorporating elements like wood, bamboo, stone, and clay connect us to the earth’s raw textures and patterns and creates structures that feel alive and environmentally friendly. For example, a timber staircase not only serves its function but tells a story through its grain.

Similarly, in interior design, using natural fabrics and furnishings adds warmth and authenticity to our spaces. While leather has traditionally been viewed as a staple biophilic material, awareness of its environmental impact—stemming from animal agriculture as a significant contributor to climate change—compels us to reconsider our choices. Alternatives such as faux leathers made from mushrooms, pineapple skin, or cactus not only offer sustainability but also align with our desire for a deeper connection with nature. Embracing these plant-based options reinforces the philosophy of biophilia, reminding us that fostering a bond with nature shouldn’t come at the cost of harming it.

Example: A spa with wooden floors, stone basins, and woven rattan furniture.

b. Nature-Inspired Patterns (Biomorphic Forms)

Nature’s forms inspire remarkable designs because they are rarely straight or uniform; they create curve, spiral, and captivating patterns. By mimicking these shapes in furniture, textiles, and architectural details, we can evoke a sense of familiarity and comfort in our environments.

Incorporating repetitive and varied patterns found in nature, like fractals, into facades or structural elements can transform a space. These natural geometries feature hierarchical organization and flowing lines, moving away from rigid straight edges and harsh angles. Think of the honeycomb pattern or the gentle ripples in water—these designs not only enhance aesthetics but also connect us to the beauty of the natural world.

Example: Ceiling panels shaped like overlapping petals or wall tiles with ripple patterns.

c. Images & Artwork of Nature

Even without a window view, captivating images of forests, mountains, or ocean waves have the power to significantly reduce stress and enhance mood. In settings like hospitals or underground workspaces, these visuals become vital emotional lifelines for occupants. Numerous studies demonstrate that exposure to nature imagery provides profound emotional and intellectual satisfaction. By integrating these inspiring depictions through paintings, photographs, sculptures, murals, or videos, we can create environments that promote well-being and resilience.

Example: A hospital waiting room decorated with large, high-resolution images of forests and waterfalls.

Images of forests, mountains, or ocean waves 
reduces stress and enhance mood.

d. Natural Colors

Colors significantly influence our mood, and the hues derived from nature—like soothing greens, tranquil blues, warm browns, and soft earth tones—instill a sense of calm and balance in any environment. Imagine how a green-accented wall can enliven a room, reminiscent of the refreshing ambiance of a sunny park. Earth tones, often muted shades of brown, green, and blue, are prevalent in nature and should be the go-to choices for building colors. These natural hues create a harmonious atmosphere. Brighter colors, while eye-catching, should be used with caution; research has shown that red flowers on plants can become overwhelming and distracting for those who occupy the space. Embracing these subtle shades can transform your environment into a serene sanctuary.

Example: An apartment with soft green walls, sandy beige flooring, and warm wooden cabinetry.

e. Simulation of Natural Light & Shadows; and Air

When natural light is unavailable, utilizing lighting systems that replicate daylight cycles is essential for maintaining our body’s rhythm. By incorporating soft shadows and dynamic lighting changes throughout the day, we can evoke the feeling of sunlight filtering through leaves, creating a more harmonious environment. In settings where natural ventilation and light cannot be achieved, innovative strategies for interior lighting and mechanical ventilation can effectively mimic these vital elements. Designers can enhance this experience by using a variety of lighting types, reflective surfaces, and natural forms that allow light to diffuse beautifully. Additionally, subtle alterations in temperature, humidity, and air velocity can create the sensation of natural airflow, making our spaces feel more alive and connected to nature.

Example: LED systems in offices that shift from cool white in the morning to warm amber in the evening.

3. Experience of Space & Place

This category focuses on how spatial arrangements and environmental cues mimic the way we experience landscapes in the wild, influencing comfort, safety, and curiosity.

a. Prospect & Refuge

Humans feel secure when they can see their surroundings from a vantage point. This is why we gravitate toward high terraces or rooms with wide panoramic views—it’s a natural survival instinct rooted in open plains. Prospect emphasizes horizons, movement, and sources of danger.

Refuge refers to the building's ability to provide comfortable and nurturing interiors (alcoves, dimmer lighting). Conversely, we also need places of retreat. Small alcoves, covered porches, and enclosed nooks provide comfort, privacy, and a sense of protection—much like sheltering under a tree.

Examples: Design elements that include balconies, alcoves, lighting changes, and areas spaciousness (savannah environment).

b. Mobility

The ability for people to comfortably move between spaces, even when complex; it provides the feeling of security for occupants and can be done through making clear points of entry and egress. When different parts comprise a whole, it provides satisfaction for occupants

Example: Design elements include interior spaces using clear boundaries and or the integration of a central focal point.

c. Mystery

Spaces that suggest there’s more to discover encourage curiosity and exploration. When a path disappears behind a bend or a curtain partially reveals what’s beyond, our curiosity draws us forward. This sense of mystery adds depth and engagement to spaces.

Example: A winding garden path partially obscured by hedges, inviting people to find out what’s around the corner.

d. Risk / Peril (Perceived)

Small doses of perceived danger—like standing on a glass floor high above ground—create excitement and heighten sensory awareness, making the space more memorable. 

Example: A glass skywalk over a canyon or a rooftop pool with a transparent edge.

e. Transitional Spaces

This element aims to connect interior spaces with the outside or create comfort by providing access from one space to another environment through the use of porches, decks, atriums, doors, bridges, fenestrations, and foyers. This concept creates a gradual sensory shift. This transition makes the experience richer and more comfortable.

Example: A covered veranda with potted plants that leads into an open garden.

f. Integration with Local Context - Cultural and Ecological Attachment to Place

Using local materials, referencing traditional architecture, and designing in harmony with native landscapes connect people not just to nature but to culture and place. Creating a cultural sense of place in the built environment creates human connection and identity. This is done by incorporating the area's geography and history into the design. Ecological identity is done through the creation of ecosystems that promote the use of native flora and fauna.

Example: Log houses or nipa huts using native wood, bamboo, natural materials like nipa roofing, walls with traditional weaving techniques, and landscaping with endemic plants.

Houses with natural materials.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Biophilic design is far more than a fleeting architectural trend; it is a vital response to our inherent need for nature. Our bodies and minds are essentially wired to connect with the natural world, and when our built environments reflect this bond, we truly thrive. By intentionally integrating direct and indirect experiences of nature, alongside spatial features that resonate with the outdoors, we can craft spaces that enhance health, ignite creativity, and promote overall well-being. In today’s world, where disconnection from nature is prevalent, biophilic design emphasizes that the most effective buildings do more than provide shelter—they rejuvenate our spirits and remind us of what it means to be alive.

Ar J CASTANEDA

Architect, Sustainable Architecture

Link in account for architectural works.

Linktree account for artworks.

CITATIONS:

Biophilic Design (Wikipedia)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophilic_design

PHOTO ATTRIBUTION

Glass wall photo courtesy of Pixabay.com.

The rest are original copyrighted by Architalktural, all rights reserved.